ADPKD is marked by gradual renal cyst and kidney enlargement and ultimately renal failure. Magnetic resonance-based, height-adjusted total kidney volume (htTKV) over 600 ml/m predicts the development of CKD Stage 3 within 8 years in the Consortium for Radiologic Imaging in Polycystic Kidney Disease cohort. Here we compared simultaneous ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging to determine if ultrasound and kidney length (KL) predict future CKD Stage 3 over longer periods of follow-up. A total of 241 ADPKD patients, 15–46 years, with creatinine clearance of 70 ml/min and above had iothalamate clearance, magnetic resonance and ultrasound evaluations. Participants underwent an average of five repeat clearance measurements over a mean follow-up of 9.3 years. Ultrasound and magnetic resonance-based TKV and KL were compared using Bland-Altman plots and intra-class correlations. Each measure was tested to predict future CKD Stage 3. Relatively strong intra-class correlations between ultrasound and magnetic resonance were found for both htTKV and KL (0.81 and 0.85, respectively). Ultrasound and magnetic resonance-based htTKV and KL predicted future CKD Stage 3 similarly (AUC of 0.87, 0.88, 0.87 and 0.88 respectively). An ultrasound kidney length over 16.5 cm and htTKV over 650 ml/m had the best cut-point for predicting the development of CKD Stage 3. Thus, kidney length alone is sufficient to stratify the risk of progression to renal insufficiency early in ADPKD using either ultrasound or magnetic resonance imaging.

Regularity effects signify assembled phonology: the nonlexical pathway in word recognition. Assembled phonology may be strategically controlled. When task conditions do not favor its use, such as when a lexical decision task includes pseudohomophone (durt) foils, an alternative pathway is selected. Consequently, regularity effects will be reduced or absent. This prediction was tested in 3 lexical decision experiments using several definitions of word regularity. Word regularity was crossed in factorial designs with nonword lexicality, the degree to which nonword foils mimic the properties of actual words. Regularity effects to words were large and most reliable in pseudohomophone conditions, opposite to the tested prediction. Instead, the observed pattern corroborated a resonance account with parametric control.

BackgroundComputerised cognitive–behavioural therapy (CCBT) helps improve mental health outcomes in White populations. However, no studies have examined whether CCBT is acceptable and beneficial for African Americans.AimsWe studied differences in CCBT use and self-reported change in depression and anxiety symptoms among 91 African Americans and 499 White primary care patients aged 18–75, enrolled in a randomised clinical trial of collaborative care embedded with an online treatment for depression and anxiety.MethodPatients with moderate levels of mood and/or anxiety symptoms (PHQ-9 or GAD-7≥10) were randomised to receive either care-manager-guided access to the proven-effective Beating the Blues® CCBT programme or usual care from their primary care doctor.ResultsCompared with White participants, African Americans were less likely to start the CCBT programme (P=0.01), and those who did completed fewer sessions and were less likely to complete the full programme (P=0.03). Despite lower engagement, however, African Americans who started the CCBT programme experienced a greater decrease in self-reported depressive symptoms (estimated 8-session change: −6.6 v. −5.5; P=0.06) and similar decrease in anxiety symptoms (−5.3 v. −5.6; P=0.80) compared with White participants.ConclusionsCCBT may be an efficient and scalable first-step to improving minority mental health and reducing disparities in access to evidence-based healthcare.Declaration of interestNone.Copyright and usage© The Royal College of Psychiatrists 2017. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Non-Commercial, No Derivatives (CC BY-NC-ND) license.

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