Poor sleep quantity and quality may predispose FI adults to adverse health outcomes.

We examined the association between food insecurity and total daily energy intakes in American men and women. We estimated the number of daily snacks and meals consumed by individuals in different food security categories. Also, we calculated the energy contribution, energy density, and food group sources of those snacks and meals. Using the 1999-2002 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), we examined the Food Security Survey Module (FSSM) and dietary information from the 24-h recall. Differences in energy intakes between groups were not significant. Women who were food insecure without hunger (FIWOH) and food insecure with hunger (FIWH) had significantly fewer meals than food secure (FS) women. The energy contribution of each meal and the total energy contributed from snacking were both significantly greater for FIWOH women than for FS women. The number of meals was significantly lower whereas the daily number of snacking occasions and the total energy from snacking were significantly increased for FIWOH men relative to FS men. FIWOH men consumed snack foods that had significantly lower energy density than those consumed by FS men. Among men and women, the major sources of meal energy were the grain group, the meat, poultry, and fish group, and the sugar, sweets, and beverages group whereas the major source of snacking energy was the sugar, sweets, and beverages group. Total energy intakes were not different for FI individuals; however, their meal and snack behaviors were different. Focusing solely on total energy intake would miss important consequences of food insecurity.

Concentrations of the bioactive lipids, phosphatidate and diacylglycerol, increased with time in culture in ras-and tyrosine kinase (fps)-transformed ®broblasts but not in control ®broblasts. On Day 3, diacylglycerol and phosphatidate concentrations were about 3.3-and 5.5-fold higher respectively in the ras-transformed compared to control ®broblasts. These concentrations in fpstransformed ®broblasts were increased about twofold. The changes in phosphatidate and diacylglycerol resulted from enhanced phospholipid turnover rather than from synthesis de novo. The increased ratio of phosphatidate to diacylglycerol is explained by decreased activities of two distinct phosphatidate phosphohydrolases and increased diacylglycerol kinase in ras-transformed ®bro-blasts. Ceramide concentrations were about 2.5-and threefold higher in the fps-and ras-transformed cells respectively on Day 3 compared to the controls. Incubating control ®broblasts from Days 1 to 3 with phosphatidylcholine-speci®c phospholipase C increased diacylglycerol, phosphatidate and ceramide concentrations, and decreased Mg 2+ -independent-phosphatidate phosphohydrolase activity. 8-(4-chlorophenylthio)-cAMP had a cytostatic e ect in ras-transformed cells, it decreased the concentrations of phosphatidate and diacylglycerol, but increased that of ceramide. The consequences of increased ceramide and phosphatidate concentrations in ras-transformed cells are discussed in relation to signal transduction, cell division and the transformed phenotype.

The inclusion of cover crops in cropping systems brings direct and indirect costs and benefits. Farmers will adopt and utilize cover crops as long as the perceived benefit of using them is positive. This paper examines the demographic and management factors affecting the adoption and perceived benefit (in terms of improved crop yield) of using winter annual cover crops. A double selectivity model of cover crop adoption and perceived yield gain was estimated using survey data of Alabama farmers examining cover crop use and management. Results may help in understanding factors shaping farmers' perceptions, adoption, and retention of cover crops.