The modification effects of hematite with aluminum hydroxide were investigated on the removal of fluoride ions from water using batch experiments. The effects of pH, contact time, fluoride concentration, and the dose of sorbent on the sorption of fluoride ions by a modified hematite were studied. Characterization of hematite before and after the modification with aluminum hydroxide was studied by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope, and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller. Equilibrium was reached in 48 h of contact time and the maximum sorption of fluoride was found in the pH eq range between 2.34 and 6.26. The Elovich model described the kinetic sorption processes and the Langmuir-Freundlich model, the sorption isotherm process. These results indicated that the sorption mechanism was chemisorption on a heterogeneous material.

h i g h l i g h t s O 3-EO enhances by 2.5 times the mineralization of phenol when compared to O 3 alone. O 3-EO reduces by half the time to achieve a phenol mineralization >90%. Ozonation alone fails on phenol mineralization and on diminishing toxicity. Toxicity onto Latuca sativa is only eliminated by the coupled treatment (O 3-EO).

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