RESUMENResultados de medidas de difracción de rayos-X mostraron una secuencia de modificaciones químicas y estructurales como la deshidratación, descomposición y formación de nuevas fases en arcillas sometidas a aumentos graduales de temperatura. Los componentes de las muestras fueron determinados, identificándose montmorillonita-Ca, vermiculita, muscovita, caolinita, chlorita, illita, cuarzo y albita. El refinamiento estructural por el método de Rietveld reportó, en todas las muestras, mayor porcentaje de arcilla noexpansiva en comparación con la expansiva. A 250°C, la montmorillonita-Ca presentó una disminución drástica en su distancia interlaminar, de 1.5 nm a 1.0 nm, debido a la remoción del agua superficial y de los poros, así como de la contenida en la región interlaminar. Para el caso de la vermiculita, esta disminución es mucho menor (~0.04 nm), en tanto que la caolinita no presenta disminución significativa de este parámetro. La vermiculita estructuralmente colapsa a ~350°C, en tanto que la caolinita lo hace a ~500°C, mientras que nuevas fases aparecen, como la ortoclasa y anorthita. Palabras llave: arcilla, difracción de rayos-X, método de Rietveld. ABSTRACTResults of measures of X-ray diffraction showed a sequence of chemical and structural changes such as dehydration, decomposition and formation of new phases in clays subjected to gradual increases in temperature. The components of the samples were determined identifying Ca-montmorillonite, vermiculite, muscovite, kaolinite, chlorita, illite, quartz and albite. The structural refinement by the Rietveld method reported the presence of a higher percentage of non-expansive clay compared to the expansive in all samples. At 250°C, Ca-montmorillonite presents a drastic decrease in its interlayer distance, from 1.5 nm to 1.0 nm, due to removal of water from the surface and pores, as well as of water contained in the interlayer region. In the case of vermiculite, this decrease is much smaller (~0.04 nm), while kaolinite does not present significant decrease in this parameter. Vermiculite structurally collapses to ~350° C, whereas kaolinite makes it to ~500° C, while new phases appear, such as orthoclase and anorthite.
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