Objectives: Asthma, a public health problem, has variable global mortality rates. In Chile, there are no studies to report on the national situation. This study analyzes the mortality trend in Chilean adults over a period of 26 years. Methods: Using data from the Department of Health Statistics and Information and the National Institute of Statistics, asthma mortality rates 1992-2017 were calculated in people ≥ 15 years-old. To avoid the impact of age changes, adjusted mortality rates were calculated using a direct adjustment method using the 2017 population as a reference. Joinpoint was used to calculate the slope of adjusted rates, and Excel STATA version13 was used for data analysis. Results: Over the 26-year period, there were 5,749 asthma-related deaths, with an average of 221 events per year. Age-adjusted mortality rates decreased significantly from 3.26 in 1992 to 1.4 per 100,000 inhabitants in 2017, with an average annual decline of -3.3%. The highest proportion of deaths occurred in people 65 years of age or older, accounting for 79% of cases in 1992 and 88% of cases in 2017. Conclusions: In Chile trends in asthma mortality rates age-adjusted show a significant decrease in the 26 years covered by this study, a decrease that is less pronounced in the last 15 years.
Introduction:Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is associated with high cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Subjects and methods: 3,657 subjects between from 2010 Chilean National Health Survey were selected. Risk of OSA was estimated using a clinical prediction rule (CPR) based on the variables of the STOP-Bang Questionnaire. According to their score they were classified as LOW (< 3), and HIGH (≥ 5) risk of OSA. Their physical activity level (PAL) was classified into 3 levels: Low, Moderate and High, according to the self-reported results with the GPAQ questionnaire. To study the association between the risk of OSA and PAL with High / Very High CVR (≥ 10%, Framingham) we constructed a logistic regression model adjusted for sex, age, BMI, type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure, high total cholesterol, low HDL cholesterol, high triglycerides, educational level, smoking and self-reported sleep hours. Results: 3,098 subjects were classified as OSA risk: LOW 1.683 (54.3%), MEDIUM 1.116 (36%) and HIGH 299 (9.7%). The PAL was evaluated in 3,570 subjects and classified as: Low 1,093 (30.6%), Moderate 705 (19.7%), and High 1,772 (49.6%). The CVR was determined in 3,613 subjects, and 711 (19.7%) classified as High/Very High risk. The regression model shows: MEDIUM risk an OR = 1.75 (1.05 -2.90, p = 0.03), HIGH risk an p < 0.001). For the PAL Low an p = 0.525), PAL Moderate an p = 0.501). Conclusion: The MEDIUM and HIGH risk of OSA, but not the self-reported PAL, constitute an independent risk factor for high cardiovascular risk. ResumenIntroducción: La apnea obstructiva del sueño (AOS) está asociada a alta morbi-mortalidad cardiovascular. Sujetos y métodos: Se seleccionaron 3.657 sujetos entre 30 y 74 años (x: 50,1 ±12,1 DS) de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud 2010. Se estimó el riesgo de AOS mediante una regla de predicción clínica (RPC) basada en las variables del Cuestionario STOP-Bang. Según puntaje se clasificaron en Riesgo BAJO (< 3), MEDIO (3-4) y ALTO (≥ 5) de AOS. El nivel de actividad física (NAF) fue clasificado en 3 niveles: Bajo, Moderado y Alto, según los resultados autorreportados con el cuestionario GPAQ. Para estudiar la asociación entre el riesgo de AOS y NAF con el RCV Alto/Muy Alto (≥ 10%,
Introducción: Los atletas de resistencia tienen mayor prevalencia de asma y broncoconstricción inducida por ejercicio sin asma (BIEsa) que la población general. De hecho, representan los trastornos crónicos más comunes en este grupo. Objetivo: El objetivo de esta revisión narrativa es describir el estado actual del diagnóstico y tratamiento de asma y BIEsa en deportistas de resistencia. Metodología: La búsqueda de artículos fue realizada en las bases PubMed, LILACs y Cochrane desde septiembre 2015 hasta septiembre de 2020. Resultados: La presentación clínica de estas entidades es muy variable, desde disminución del rendimiento hasta un cuadro clásico de obstrucción bronquial. Para el diagnóstico es fundamental, primero confirmar o descartar asma, y luego realizar pruebas de función pulmonar dirigidas a confirmar o descartar BIEsa. Para la terapia farmacológica se recomienda el uso regular de corticoesteroides inhalados y evitar los agonistas β2 de acción corta como monoterapia. En deportistas sujetos a control de dopaje, el terapeuta y el equipo técnico deben considerar las regulaciones de la Agencia Mundial Antidopaje. Conclusión: Es fundamental buscar activamente estas enfermedades ya que suelen ser subdiagnosticadas y subtratadas, lo que impacta negativamente en el rendimiento y salud de los atletas de resistencia.
Introducción: Los atletas de resistencia tienen mayor prevalencia de asma y broncoconstricción inducida por ejercicio sin asma (BIEsa) que la población general. De hecho, representan los trastornos crónicos más comunes en este grupo. Objetivo: El objetivo de esta revisión narrativa es describir el estado actual del diagnóstico y tratamiento de asma y BIEsa en deportistas de resistencia. Metodología: La búsqueda de artículos fue realizada en las bases PubMed, LILACs y Cochrane desde septiembre 2015 hasta septiembre de 2020. Resultados: La presentación clínica de estas entidades es muy variable, desde disminución del rendimiento hasta un cuadro clásico de obstrucción bronquial. Para el diagnóstico es fundamental, primero confirmar o descartar asma, y luego realizar pruebas de función pulmonar dirigidas a confirmar o descartar BIEsa. Para la terapia farmacológica se recomienda el uso regular de corticoesteroides inhalados y evitar los agonistas β2 de acción corta como monoterapia. En deportistas sujetos a control de dopaje, el terapeuta y el equipo técnico deben considerar las regulaciones de la Agencia Mundial Antidopaje. Conclusión: Es fundamental buscar activamente estas enfermedades ya que suelen ser subdiagnosticadas y subtratadas, lo que impacta negativamente en el rendimiento y salud de los atletas de resistencia.
CLINICAL AND RADIOLOGICAL DIAGNOSIS OF COMMUNITY-ACQUIRED PNEUMONIA IN ADULTSCommunity acquired pneumonia in adults is an acute disease characterized by worsening in general conditions, fever, chills, cough, mucopurulent sputum and dyspnea; associated with tachycardia, tachypnea, fever and focal signs in pulmonary examination. The probability of pneumonia in a patient with acute respiratory symptoms depends on the disease prevalence in the environment where it is acquired and on clinical features. It is estimated that pneumonia prevalence is 3-5% in patients with respiratory disease seen in outpatient facilities. Clinical diagnosis of pneumonia without radiological confirmation lacks specificity because clinical presentation (history and physical examination) does not allow to differentiate pneumonia from other acute respiratory diseases (upper respiratory infections, bronchitis, influenza). Diagnosis must be based in clinical-radiological findings: clinical history and physical examination suggest the presence of pulmonary infection but accurate diagnosis is established when chest X ray confirms the existence of pulmonary infiltrates. Clinical findings and chest X ray do not permit to predict with certainty the etiology of pulmonary infection.Radiology is useful to confirm clinical suspicion, it establishes pneumonia location, its extension and severity; furthermore, it allows differentiation between pneumonia and other diseases, to detect possible complications, and may be useful in follow up of high risk patients. The resolution of radiological infiltrates often ensues several weeks or months after clinical recovery, especially in the elderly and in multilobar pneumonia cared for in intensive care units.
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