Metal ion–zeolite materials based on different zeolite structuresFAU (NaY, 100–750 nm), LTA (4400 nm), and MFI (ZSM5, >100, 760, and 2500 nm) were studied for developing antimicrobial agents using a simple method. These zeolite structures were loaded with silver, copper, or zinc ions using an ion-exchange method and tested for antimicrobial activity against three bacteriaEscherichia coli, methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus, and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), a clinical isolate. Sample characterization confirmed the presence of metal ions and the stability of the zeolite structures. All mono- and bimetallic ion–zeolite materials loaded with silver displayed higher antimicrobial activity than zinc- or copper-containing samples. The inhibitory effect of metal ion–zeolite materials was even higher than the action of antibiotics, especially against MRSA. These findings show that silver ion–zeolite materials have potential applications to combat bacterial infections and further prevent the prevalence of resistant microorganisms. The antimicrobial activity seems to be related to the acidity and Si/Al ratio of zeolites, according to the following scale: MFI > FAU > LTA. Particularly, the inhibitory effect against MRSA is a very promising result considering the difficulty of effective eradication of this resistant strain, the principal agent of nosocomial or healthcare-associated infections, which affect 3.2% of all hospitalized patients in the United States and 6.5% in the European Union.
Nos últimos anos, o campo do design tem sido ressignificado por novas perspectivas, que o entendem como prática universal empreendida por todos. Este artigo investiga o processo de reconceituação da prática do designer em meio a essas mudanças. Para isso, toma como referência autores que pensam o design a partir da autonomia e, como ilustração da abrangência desse conceito, o entendimento do trabalho artesanal como atividade emancipadora. O artigo fundamenta-se, assim, na ideia de que a mudança do campo é processo que tem por objetivo construir um design que não compartimente o conhecimento e que se transforme a partir das relações construídas. Conclui-se que essa nova perspectiva permite considerar artesãos como designers, não só por suas capacidades projetuais no desenvolvimento de produtos, mas também por terem autonomia como grupo para decidir seu próprio futuro.
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