a b s t r a c tIn transport economics, modeling modal choice is a fundamental key for policy makers trying to improve the sustainability of transportation systems. However, existing empirical literature has focused on short-distance travel within urban systems. This paper contributes to the limited number of investigations on mode choice in medium-and long-distance travel. The main objective of this research is to study the impacts of socio-demographic and economic variables, land-use features and trip attributes on long-distance travel mode choice. Using data from 2007 Spanish National Mobility Survey we apply a multilevel multinomial logit model that accounts for the potential problem of spatial heterogeneity in order to explain long-distance travel mode choice. This approach permits us to compute how the probability of choosing among private car, bus and train varies depending on the traveler spatial location at regional level. Results indicate that travelers characteristics, trip features, cost of usage of transport modes and geographical variables have significant impacts on long-distance mode choice.

Novel gradient copolymers of hydrophilic 1-vinylimidazol and hydrophobic methacrylic derivative of ibuprofen prepared by free radical polymerization are described. The heterogeneous distribution of monomeric units along the polymeric chains leads to a gradient distribution of the hydrophobic and hydrophilic sequences responsible of nanoparticles formation through a self-assembling mechanism, capable of tune the water permeation due to the ionizable imidazole moieties and their gradient profile along the macromolecules, exhibiting pH and composition dependent effect in terms of diameter, zeta potential, acid-base buffering, ibuprofen release and chelating capacities, responsible of matrix metalloproteinase dysfunction showing anti-inflammatory activity in a nitric oxide inhibition assay.

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