10The complex wave climate of Hawaii includes a mix of seasonal swells and wind waves from all 11 directions across the Pacific. Numerical hindcasting from surface winds provides essential space-12 time information to complement buoy and satellite observations for studies of the marine 13 environment. We utilize WAVEWATCH III and SWAN (Simulating WAves Nearshore) in a 14 nested grid system to model basin-wide processes as well as high-resolution wave conditions 15 around the Hawaiian Islands from 1979 to 2013. The wind forcing includes the Climate Forecast 16 System Reanalysis (CFSR) for the globe and downscaled regional winds from the Weather 17 Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. Long-term in-situ buoy measurements and remotely-18 sensed wind speeds and wave heights allow thorough assessment of the modeling approach and 19 the data products for practical application. The high-resolution WRF winds, which include 20 orographic and land-surface effects, are validated with QuickSCAT observations from 2000 to 21 2009. The wave hindcast reproduces the spatial patterns of swell and wind wave events detected 22 by altimeters on multiple platforms between 1991 and 2009 as well as the seasonal variations 23 * Corresponding Aurthor: 2 recorded at 16 offshore and nearshore buoys around the Hawaiian Islands from 1979 to 2013. 24 The hindcast captures heightened seas in interisland channels and around prominent headlands, 25 but tends to overestimate the heights of approaching northwest swells and give lower estimations 26 in sheltered areas. The validated high-resolution hindcast sets a baseline for future improvement 27 of spectral wave models. 28 Research and Forecasting model 30 1. Introduction 31 Hawaii has unique wave climate associated with its North Central Pacific location and 32 massive archipelago. Figure 1 provides a location map to illustrate the prominent wave regimes 33 and geographical features. Extratropical storms near the Kuril and Aleutian Islands generate 34 swells toward Hawaii from the northwest to north during the boreal winter. The south facing 35 shores experience moderate swells from the year-round Southern Hemisphere Westerlies that are 36 augmented by mid-latitude cyclones in the boreal summer. The persistent trade winds generate 37 waves from the northeast to east throughout the year, while subtropical storms during the winter 38 and passing cold fronts can generate waves from all directions. The steep volcanic mountains 39 speed up the wind flows in the channels and create prominent wakes leeward of the Hawaiian 40Islands (Yang et al., 2005; Nguyen et al., 2010; Hitzl et al, 2014). These localized wind flows 41 together with island sheltering create regional wave patterns with large spatial and temporal 42 variations (Aucan, 2006; Caldwell et al., 2009; Stopa et al., 2011). 43There are increasing demands for long-term wave data in support of ocean renewable energy 44 planning, marine ecosystem assessment, shoreline management, and infrastructure development 45 in Hawaii. Altimeters aboa...

Four acoustic Seagliders were deployed in the Philippine Sea November 2010 to April 2011 in the vicinity of an acoustic tomography array. The gliders recorded over 2000 broadband transmissions at ranges up to 700 km from moored acoustic sources as they transited between mooring sites. The precision of glider positioning at the time of acoustic reception is important to resolve the fundamental ambiguity between position and sound speed. The Seagliders utilized GPS at the surface and a kinematic model below for positioning. The gliders were typically underwater for about 6.4 h, diving to depths of 1000 m and traveling on average 3.6 km during a dive. Measured acoustic arrival peaks were unambiguously associated with predicted ray arrivals. Statistics of travel-time offsets between received arrivals and acoustic predictions were used to estimate range uncertainty. Range (travel time) uncertainty between the source and the glider position from the kinematic model is estimated to be 639 m (426 ms) rms. Least-squares solutions for glider position estimated from acoustically derived ranges from 5 sources differed by 914 m rms from modeled positions, with estimated uncertainty of 106 m rms in horizontal position. Error analysis included 70 ms rms of uncertainty due to oceanic sound-speed variability.

No abstract

Introduction: Physical therapists (PTs) in all United States, DC, and the US Virgin Islands have first-contact direct access privileges to examine and treat patients. Evidence supports the value of PT services in reducing annual healthcare costs, decreasing the need for prescription pain medication, and decreasing the need for outpatient physician care. PTs can play an essential role in managing patient health needs in primary care health professional shortage areas (pcHPSAs), especially in rural areas, which are Rural and Remote Health rrh.org.au

As progress toward the commercial deployment of wave energy converters accelerates, it is important to ensure that these renewable energy systems do not have unintended, adverse environmental consequences. While the sound from wave energy converters is unlikely to cause acoustic injury to marine animals, it may affect their behavior. Here, we present measurements from a point-absorber wave energy converter at the U.S. Navy Wave Energy Test Site in Kaneohe Bay, HI. Measurements of wave converter sound are obtained for a range of sea states using a combination of free-drifting near-surface measurements and stationary bottom packages. The relative effectiveness of these systems are contrasted and the unique challenges associated with acoustic measurements at energetic sites discussed. For example, fixed measurements are found to be substantially contaminated by flow-noise (non-propagating sound) during long-period ocean swell, while free-drifting measurements require significant post-processing to avoid convolving flow-noise or self-noise with wave converter sound. Preliminary results of parabolic equation modeling is also presented and used to interpret spatially distributed measurements.