Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing the burden, ARL-TR-4234 SPONSOR/MONITOR'S ACRONYM(S) 9. SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) SPONSOR/MONITOR'S REPORT NUMBER(S) DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY STATEMENTApproved for public release; distribution is unlimited. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES ABSTRACTThe use of simulation is increasing as our capabilities of producing high-fidelity virtual environments expand. This is true for marksmanship and engagement shooting trainers as well. Many marksmanship studies have used simulated fire, but not many of these simulators have been validated with a live fire comparison. The U.S. Army Research Laboratory's dismounted infantry survivability and lethality test bed (DISALT) is highly effective as a research tool because of its high-fidelity data capture and flexibility for shooting scenarios. However, no live fire validation data have been published for it. A simulated version of the outdoor small-arms experimental range at Aberdeen Proving Ground (known as M-Range) was built by the authors. A study was designed in which live fire would be compared to the simulated fire during controlled laboratory conditions with the use of DISALT. Participants were 12 U.S. Army Soldiers, military occupational specialty 11C (indirect fire dismounted infantryman). The shooting task consisted of an 18-target pop-up scenario that used olive drab green E-type silhouettes. Ranges consisted of 75-, 100-, 150-, 200-, 250-, and 300-meter targets from a kneeling foxhole-supported position. Each participant was exposed to 10 trials each of simulation and live fire, half performing simulated fire first and vice versa. Target exposure time was 3 seconds with a 3-second inter-target interval. De-militarized M16A2 rifles with iron sights outfitted with electronics were used for the simulated fire, while operational M16A2 rifles with iron sights were used with M855 ball ammunition for the live fire portion. Data collected included hit percentage, time to first shot, radial aiming error, subjective workload and stress data. All data were analyzed with a repeated measures analysis of variance. Statistical differences and non-differences in the performance and subjective data are discussed.

Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing the burden, ARL-TR-4268 SPONSOR/MONITOR'S ACRONYM(S) 9. SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) SPONSOR/MONITOR'S REPORT NUMBER(S) DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY STATEMENTApproved for public release; distribution is unlimited. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES ABSTRACTSoldiers will be required to perform missions with advanced information displays as the Army transforms. Soldiers will also be placed under a range of environmental stressors including continuous operations. The need to provide an information display that is operable during extended stressful conditions is crucial to the mission success of the Soldier. Optimal Soldier-system performance is desired to maximize performance and minimize errors for the end result of increased Soldier survivability and lethality. This study was performed at the U.S. Army Research Laboratory's Human Research and Engineering Directorate shooting simulator facility. The study examined the the presentation of secondary task workload via an auditory display and two visual display conditions. There was also a no-workload shooting condition. The two visual display conditions consisted of a forearm-mounted display (FMD) and a helmet-mounted display (HMD), both configured with an auditory alert cue that informed the Soldier of a new math problem appearing on the display screen. Soldiers were asked to complete a secondary workload task consisting of arithmetic problems while engaged in a friend-or-foe shooting scenario with various stages of sleep deprivation. Data were collected every 6 hours for periods of 0 through 30 hours of sleeplessness. This study examined (a) the shooting performance of Soldiers during all conditions including shoot/do-not-shoot decisions, hit percentage, and response time, (b) the ability of Soldiers to complete secondary tasks in each display mode in a single and dual task paradigm, and (c) the ability of Soldiers to perform these single and dual task shooting scenarios continually for 30 hours without sleep. Participants were 12 U.S. Army Soldiers recruited from the 143rd Ordnance Batallion at Aberdeen Ground, Maryland. The shooting task consisted of a 24-target pop-up scenario with friendly and enemy E-type silhouette targets. Analyses of variance revealed significant simple and interaction effects. SUBJECT TERMScontinuous operations; displays; secondary task; shooting performance SECURITY

Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing the burden, ARL-TR-4268 SPONSOR/MONITOR'S ACRONYM(S) 9. SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) SPONSOR/MONITOR'S REPORT NUMBER(S) DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY STATEMENTApproved for public release; distribution is unlimited. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES ABSTRACTSoldiers will be required to perform missions with advanced information displays as the Army transforms. Soldiers will also be placed under a range of environmental stressors including continuous operations. The need to provide an information display that is operable during extended stressful conditions is crucial to the mission success of the Soldier. Optimal Soldier-system performance is desired to maximize performance and minimize errors for the end result of increased Soldier survivability and lethality. This study was performed at the U.S. Army Research Laboratory's Human Research and Engineering Directorate shooting simulator facility. The study examined the the presentation of secondary task workload via an auditory display and two visual display conditions. There was also a no-workload shooting condition. The two visual display conditions consisted of a forearm-mounted display (FMD) and a helmet-mounted display (HMD), both configured with an auditory alert cue that informed the Soldier of a new math problem appearing on the display screen. Soldiers were asked to complete a secondary workload task consisting of arithmetic problems while engaged in a friend-or-foe shooting scenario with various stages of sleep deprivation. Data were collected every 6 hours for periods of 0 through 30 hours of sleeplessness. This study examined (a) the shooting performance of Soldiers during all conditions including shoot/do-not-shoot decisions, hit percentage, and response time, (b) the ability of Soldiers to complete secondary tasks in each display mode in a single and dual task paradigm, and (c) the ability of Soldiers to perform these single and dual task shooting scenarios continually for 30 hours without sleep. Participants were 12 U.S. Army Soldiers recruited from the 143rd Ordnance Batallion at Aberdeen Ground, Maryland. The shooting task consisted of a 24-target pop-up scenario with friendly and enemy E-type silhouette targets. Analyses of variance revealed significant simple and interaction effects. SUBJECT TERMScontinuous operations; displays; secondary task; shooting performance SECURITY

Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing the burden, to Department of Defense, Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports (0704-0188), 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302. Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject to any penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it does not display a currently valid OMB control number.