Integrating the governing chemistry with the genomics and phenotypes of microbial colonies has been a "holy grail" in microbiology. This work describes a highly sensitive, broadly applicable, and costeffective approach that allows metabolic profiling of live microbial colonies directly from a Petri dish without any sample preparation. Nanospray desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (MS), combined with alignment of MS data and molecular networking, enabled monitoring of metabolite production from live microbial colonies from diverse bacterial genera, including Bacillus subtilis, Streptomyces coelicolor, Mycobacterium smegmatis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. This work demonstrates that, by using these tools to visualize small molecular changes within bacterial interactions, insights can be gained into bacterial developmental processes as a result of the improved organization of MS/MS data. To validate this experimental platform, metabolic profiling was performed on Pseudomonas sp. SH-C52, which protects sugar beet plants from infections by specific soil-borne fungi [R. Mendes et al. (2011) Science 332:1097-1100]. The antifungal effect of strain SH-C52 was attributed to thanamycin, a predicted lipopeptide encoded by a nonribosomal peptide synthetase gene cluster. Our technology, in combination with our recently developed peptidogenomics strategy, enabled the detection and partial characterization of thanamycin and showed that it is a monochlorinated lipopeptide that belongs to the syringomycin family of antifungal agents. In conclusion, the platform presented here provides a significant advancement in our ability to understand the spatiotemporal dynamics of metabolite production in live microbial colonies and communities. ambient mass spectrometry | microbial ecology | natural products M icrobes use secreted factors to interact, communicate with, and manipulate their local environment and neighboring cell populations in a process known as metabolic exchange (1-5). By using a wide breadth of molecules ranging from signaling compounds to defensive metabolites, metabolic exchange dictates not only basic microbial behavior, such as biofilm formation, sporulation, and motility, but also social interactions, such as syntrophy and quorum sensing, which enables microbes to establish communities (1-5). Despite these secreted factors, also known as the parvome, having a major impact on the phenotypic development of microbial populations, there is a lack of tools that enable scientists to probe the chemistry of microbial colonies in a direct manner. Currently, the chemistry of microbes is usually studied by monitoring individual molecular species and requires a significant time and monetary investment. Our laboratories are interested in the development of tools that make this process more efficient as well as making it easier for nonchemists to study the chemistry of microbes and nonmicrobe cell populations. Ideally, these tools should be easy to implement, compatible with existing infrastructure, and easily inco...

Nanospray desorption electrospray ionization (nano-DESI) mass spectrometry is presented as an ambient pressure liquid extraction-ionization technique for analysis of organic and biological molecules on substrates. Analyte is desorbed into a solvent bridge formed between two capillaries and the analysis surface. One capillary supplies solvent to create and maintain the bridge, while the second capillary transports the dissolved analyte from the bridge to the mass spectrometer. A high voltage applied between the inlet of mass spectrometer and the primary capillary creates a self-aspirating nanospray. This approach enables the separation of desorption and ionization events, thus providing independent control of desorption, ionization, and transport of the analyte. We present analytical capabilities of the method and discuss its potential for imaging applications.

Two classes of gas-phase aluminum-iodine clusters have been identified whose stability and reactivity can be understood in terms of the spherical shell jellium model. Experimental reactivity studies show that the Al13I-x clusters exhibit pronounced stability for even numbers of I atoms. Theoretical investigations reveal that the enhanced stability is associated with complementary pairs of I atoms occupying the on-top sites on the opposing Al atoms of the Al13- core. We also report the existence of another series, Al14I-x, that exhibits stability for odd numbers of I atoms. This series can be described as consisting of an Al14I-3 core upon which the I atoms occupy on-top locations around the Al atoms. The potential synthetic utility of superatom chemistry built upon these motifs is addressed.