Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) is the prevalent IoT radio technology and perfectly suited for mobile and batterydriven applications. However, it is not designed for intermittent connectivity and opportunistic networking. Hence, the vast infrastructure that BLE-equipped devices such as smartphones, wearables, and sensors provide, remains untapped, even with its potential for data collection, sharing, or emergency communication in disaster scenarios. This paper introduces DISRUPTABLE to unfold this potential: A universal BLE-based store-and-forward architecture for delay-tolerant and opportunistic networking. Tailored to the resource constraints of IoT nodes and the feature set of BLE, DISRUPTABLE enables opportunistic interactions between BLE-equipped devices, providing a resilient network even when established communication over cellular networks or Wi-Fi fails. In our evaluation, we show that in a highly dynamic pedestrian scenario in downtown Stockholm, broadcasts reliably inform pedestrians in 7.1 seconds, while unicast messages arrive within 20 minutes in 48.1% of cases.

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Wireless communication is an essential element within Intelligent Transportation Systems and motivates new approaches to intersection management, allowing safer and more efficient road usage. With lives at stake, wireless protocols should be readily available and guarantee safe coordination for all involved traffic participants, even in the presence of radio failures. This work introduces STARC, a coordination primitive for safe, decentralized resource coordination. Using STARC, traffic participants can safely coordinate at intersections despite unreliable radio environments and without a central entity or infrastructure. Unlike other methods that require costly and energy-consuming platforms, STARC utilizes affordable and efficient Internet of Things devices that connect cars, bicycles, electric scooters, pedestrians, and cyclists. For communication, STARC utilizes low-power IEEE 802.15.4 radios and Synchronous Transmissions for multi-hop communication. In addition, the protocol provides distributed transaction, election, and handover mechanisms for decentralized, thus cost-efficient, deployments. While STARC’s coordination remains resource-agnostic, this work presents and evaluates STARC in a roadside scenario. Our simulations have shown that using STARC at intersections leads to safer and more efficient vehicle coordination. We found that average waiting times can be reduced by up to 50% compared to using a fixed traffic light schedule in situations with fewer than 1000 vehicles per hour. Additionally, we design platooning on top of STARC, improving scalability and outperforming static traffic lights even at traffic loads exceeding 1000 vehicles per hour.