For companies in the developed world, design, if not the norm, is at least an option for enhancing business strategies. Going beyond these traditional venues, Patrick Whitney and Anjali Kelkar boldly explore the contributions design can make to businesses in developing countries, specifically businesses in the slums of India. Their findings convey design's universal value and offer a beacon of hope in an otherwise grim reality.

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The illusion of being ''customer-oriented'' ''Customer-centered,'' ''user experience,'' ''delighting customers,'' and ''user-friendly'' have become mantras for many businesses in recent years. They describe important goals that, if achieved, can lead to competitive success. But the goals are rarely realized and these phrases are acquiring an unintended irony, or worse, the empty ring of a marketing slogan representing no tangible benefit to users at all. Why has it been so difficult for companies to actually achieve great customer experiences that lead to above-average growth in market share, profit margin and customer loyalty? If it is so obvious that paying attention to customers is important, why are there not more examples of success? Our contention is that ''customer-centered'' strategies normally fall short because marketing and development teams miss what is fundamentally important to their consumers. They make the mistake of thinking they can achieve customer delight simply by refining research on markets. Companies do market research using as a starting point their current offerings, which are defined by product, distribution, promotion and price. The problem is that the first three are all company-centered, not customer-centered. This leaves price as the only factor that both the company and the customer care about. Companies who do not want to compete on price alone need to find factors that are important to consumers. Discovering these factors will enable companies to create true innovations that fulfill needs and desires before they are expressed by customers. The central focus of this type of research is not the product a company makes, but what activities the customer is trying to accomplish with the product. This is directly related to the argument made by Theodore Levitt in 1975: (Good companies) have succeeded not primarily because of their products or research orientation but because they have been thoroughly customer-oriented also. It is constant watchfulness for opportunities to apply their technical know-how to the creation of customer-satisfying uses which accounts for their prodigious output of successful new products (Levitt, 1975). How companies acted on Levitt's idea three decades ago no longer works because of a tectonic power shift in the relationship between companies and consumers. New methods of being ''customer-oriented'' are needed now. The power shift There has been a power shift from producers to customers caused by decreases in production costs and increases in customer choice. In decades past, production capability was a key strategic advantage. Creating efficient factories making large numbers of similar products was the way for a company to win. During the period, investments in more powerful