Patient: Female, 90-year-old Final Diagnosis: Cerebrovascular infarction Symptoms: Unknown symptoms – post-mortem anatomical study Medication:— Clinical Procedure: — Specialty: Anatomy • Neurology Objective: Unknown etiology Background: Hyperostosis frontalis interna is a boney overgrowth of the inner side of the frontal bone of the skull caused by overgrowth of the endocranial surface. It is most often found in women after menopause. It is also associated with hormonal imbalance, being overweight, history of headaches, and neurocognitive degenerative conditions. Female gender, advanced age, extended estrogen stimulation, and elevated leptin levels may also play a role. The thickening is usually confined to the frontal bone, but it can spread as far as the anterior parietal and temporal bones. Case Report: During a medical school dissection course, an extensive boney overgrowth in the frontal regions covering the inside of the frontal bone of the skull of a 90-year-old female donor, who died of a cerebrovascular infarction, was identified. This boney overgrowth was mainly confined within the frontal region, but there was some boney overgrowth that extended to the temporal bones. The overgrowth in the endocranium of the temporal bone was not as severe as the overgrowth of the frontal bone. The morphology of the overgrowth was rigid, uneven, and bumpy. Based upon the physical characteristics, we concluded that this presentation was consistent with hyperostosis frontalis interna. Conclusions: Our female donor was found to exhibit a phenomenon which could be clinically underdiagnosed due to its internal nature and asymptomatic presentation. Insight into the potential causes of HFI and its identification during clinical evaluation offers a path for future research to better identify and manage cases of HFI.

The inner ear of the sea lamprey was examined by scanning electron microscopy, antibody labeling with tubulin, Myo7a, Spectrin, and Phalloidin stain to elucidate the canal cristae organization and the morphology and polarity of the hair cells. We characterized the hair cell stereocilia bundles and their morphological polarity with respect to the kinocilia. We identified three types of hair cells. In Type 1 hair cells, the kinocilia were slightly longer than the tallest stereocilia. This type was located along the medial bank of the crista and their polarity, based on kinocilia location, was uniformly pointed ampullipetally. Type 2 hair cells that had kinocilia that were much longer than the stereocilia, were most abundant in the central region of the crista. This type of hair cell displayed variable polarity. Type 3 hair cells had extremely long kinocilia (~40–50 μm long) and with extremely short stereocilia. They were mostly located in the lateral zone crista and displayed ampullipetal polarity. Myo7a and tubulin antibodies revealed that hair cells and vestibular afferents are distributed across the canal cristae in the lamprey, covering the area of cruciate eminence; a feature that is absent in more derived vertebrates. Spectrin shows hair cells of varying polarities in the central zone. In this zone, some cells followed the main polarity vector (lateral) like those in medial and lateral zones, whereas other cells displayed polarities that carried up to 40° from the main polarity vector.

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The study on cadavers, although considered fundamental in the teaching of human anatomy, is limited in several universities, mainly due to the acquisition and manipulation of cadaveric material. Throughout history, several artificial anatomical models have been used to complement the real anatomical pieces. The present study offers a new alternative: the making of three-dimensional models from Computed Tomography (3D-CT) patient image acquisition. CT images from the USP University Hospital database were used. Patients underwent examinations for reasons other than the present study and were anonymized to maintain confidentiality. The CT slices obtained in thin cross-sections (approximately 1.0 mm thick) were converted into three-dimensional images by a technique named Volume Rendering for visualization of soft tissue and bone. The reconstructions were then converted to an STL (Standard Triangle Language) model and printed through two printers (LONGER LK4 Pro® and Sethi S3®), using PLA and ABS filaments. The 3D impressions of the thigh and leg muscles obtained better visual quality, being able to readily identify the local musculature. The images of the face, heart, and head bones, although easily identifiable, although seemed to present lower quality aesthetic results. This pilot study may be one of the first to perform 3D impressions of images from CT to visualize the musculature in Brazil and may become an additional tool for teaching.