ObjectivesCompare selected concepts of information warfare and show the evolution of the Western concept of WI,resulting from the development of the information society, social-media and the resources by which information warfare is conducted.MethodsThe research method used is a systematic review of Western political science literature, as well as military literature, publications on international relations, international politics, security and cyber security from the perspective of information warfare. Techniques such as analysis of background material, causal analysis and scientific and self-observation in this area were used, taking into account the dynamics of technological and geopolitical changes occurring in the modern information society.ResultsThe analysis made it possible to show the evolution of the Western concept of information warfare and outline the main differences from the concept of information warfare adopted by the Russian Federation. The study also points out the threats to the information society posed by the realities of modern information warfare.ConclusionsThe Western conception of WI differs from that of the Russian Federation, placing the emphasis on WI as technological warfare, while the Russian Federation and the People's Republic of China (PRC) place the emphasis on psychological warfare first. This discrepancy could pose a significant threat to the information environment of Western democracies, since the weakest link in the security of not only an information system, but also an information system, is the human being. This is well known not only to hackers, cyber criminals, but also to hostile state or non-state forces that conduct WI against Western countries.

The study presents a multidimensional comparative analysis of two dependent variables: the number of passengers transported by air in 28 European countries and the price of one barrel of crude oil in dollars. The conducted analysis shows that in the historical data concerning the identical periods (months) in both tested series, dependencies can be found. This allowed for the construction of a zero-one multiple regression model in order to confirm the impact of the number of passengers travelling by air on the price of one barrel of crude oil and describe this phenomenon with an analytical function.

When the Soviet Union collapsed in December 1991, the geopolitical situation in Central and Eastern Europe changed dramatically. Although independent states had been newly constituted, the Russian Federation, heir to the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, pursued its dominance and intervention in the affairs of neighbouring regions, including Estonia. At present, however, in view of the reconstruction of the global socio-economic order, there is an assumption that the Baltic States will become an object of increased interest and influence of the Russian Federation, which in turn constitutes the subject of exploration of this academic paper. The objective of this paper is to show the prerequisites and challenges for the Baltic States, with a special focus on Estonia, exposed to the neo-imperial policy of the Russian Federation. This topic is extremely relevant and timely, particularly in the run-up to the reconstruction of the global balance of power in the international arena – especially in Central and Eastern Europe.

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Nowadays, we can observe the growing role of leadership not only in organizations, but also in hierarchical units. This importance is related to shaping the organizational culture of individuals and teams working in them. The aim of the article is to present the importance of leadership in shaping the security and organizational culture of hierarchical units on the example of the War Studies University. The analysis was made using Geert Hofstede's organizational culture model using participant observation. On the basis of the conducted analysis, it can be indicated that the discussed hierarchical unit is characterized by a high power distance, collectivism, masculinity, a high degree of avoidance of uncertainty and a short-term orientation in time. Such dimensions of organizational culture as: avoidance of uncertainty, collectivism and power distance have the greatest impact on the occurrence of a specific leadership style, and their verification should be an integral element of the exercised power in order to increase the level of structural security of the institution and personal security of members of this organization.