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Almost exactly one year after the famous judgments of the Court of First Instance on the precautionary principle, the European Court of Justice (hereinafter “the Court”) has issued a preliminary ruling further exploring this concept. The ruling arose from a national dispute concerning a temporary ban on novel foods produced from genetically modified organisms (hereinafter “GMOs”). This recent Monsanto judgment is the first case in which the Court has directly invoked the precautionary principle regarding Member States’ power to adopt a provisional prohibition on the marketing of GMO-derived novel foods. Simultaneously, the Court lent an ear to the arguments of Monsanto by declaring the validity of the simplified procedure laid down in the novel foods Regulation 258/97 and based on the contentious concept of substantial equivalence. Thus, it seems to have favoured the free circulation in the Community market of novel foodstuffs notwithstanding the presence of residues of genetically modified (hereinafter “GM”) protein, on the condition that there is no risk to human health.
The first directives regulating the use and trade of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) were adopted at the Community level in 1990. These acts formed a core of the Community gene technology legal regime and harmonised the authorisation procedures prior to both contained use and deliberate release of genetically modified organisms. Accordingly, no GMO may be placed on the European Union market without obtaining a written consent for it and only after an appropriate environmental risk assessment has been carried out. Under the old Deliberate Release Directive 90/220, 18 GM products were allowed to be placed on the Community market following either the Commission decisions or Member States consent and over 1000 were notified to the Member States authorities for experimental purposes.
Niniejszy tekst przedstawia relację Unii Europejskiej z Chińską Republiką Ludową w kontekście gospodarczym. Zagadnienie to jest o tyle istotne, że w ostatnich latach, zwłaszcza od początku XXI w., na arenie międzynarodowej wyraźnie widać coraz szybciej wzrastającą potęgę handlową Państwa Środka. Z tej przyczyny stosunki gospodarcze Unii Europejskiej z tym krajem, niegdyś uznawanym za słabo rozwinięty, w ostatnich latach przybrały na intensywności.W rozdziale poruszone zostaną kwestie charakterystyki relacji, najważniejszych obecnie zależności w wymianie handlowej, a także problemy wynikające z różnic gospodarczych i politycznych, z uwzględnieniem zagadnienia chińskich bezpośrednich inwestycji zagranicznych (BIZ). Cezurą czasową dla zakresu pracy stał się rok 2001, czyli rok przystąpienia ChRL do Światowej Organizacji Handlu (WTO), gdyż od tego momentu wzajemne relacje zintensyfikowały się najbardziej, dzięki liberalizacji handlu. Liberalizacja ta ma też jednak swoje wady, o czym szerzej na kolejnych stronach tekstu. Charakterystyka i rozwój relacjiChińska Republika Ludowa jest obecnie drugim najważniejszym partnerem handlowym Unii Europejskiej po Stanach Zjednoczonych, Unia w relacjach handlowych Państwa Środka zajmuje zaś miejsce pierwsze 1 . O intensyfikacji wzajemnych stosunków gospodarczych można mówić od początku XXI w., zwłaszcza od momentu, gdy Chiny stały 1 Zrozumieć politykę Unii Europejskiej. Handel, www.publications.europa.eu/pl/publication-detail/-/publication/9a2c5c3e-0d03-11e6-ba9a-01aa75ed71a1, s. 1 (data dostę-
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