This study determines the effect of spent garnet as a replacement for natural sand in 3D-printed mortar at early ages. Five mixes with different spent garnet amounts were prepared (0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% by volume). The ratio of binder to aggregate remained unchanged. In all mixes the water/binder ratio was assumed as a constant value of 0.375. Tests were performed to confirm the printability of the mix (a path quality test using a gantry robot with an extruder). Determinations of key buildability properties of the mix (green strength and Young’s Modulus) during uniaxial compressive strength at 15 min, 30 min and 45 min after adding water were conducted. A hydraulic press and the GOM ARAMIS precision image analysis system were used to conduct the study. The results showed that an increase in spent garnet content caused a decrease in green strength and Young’s Modulus (up to 69.91% and 80.37%, respectively). It was found that to maintain proper buildability, the recommended maximum replacement rate of natural sand with garnet is 50%. This research contributes new knowledge in terms of using recycled waste in the 3D printing technology of cementitious materials.

Wzrost świadomości społeczeństwa skłonił przedsiębiorców do poszukiwania materiałów zmniejszających zapotrzebowanie budynków na ciepło. Jednym z przykładów takich materiałów są zaprawy ciepłochronne, w których stosowane są składniki polepszające termiczną izolacyjność zapraw. Materiały termoizolacyjne mają coraz większe znaczenie w zakresie oszczędzania energii w budynkach. Ze względu na rozwój budownictwa energooszczędnego wzrasta zainteresowanie badaniami zapraw ciepłochronnych z kruszywami lekkimi, takimi jak perlit czy granulat styropianowy. W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań i analiz dotyczących oceny wpływu zastosowania drobnoziarnistych kruszyw lekkich – perlitu oraz granulatu styropianowego – na właściwości zapraw budowlanych. Zbadano wpływ zastosowania kruszyw lekkich na wytrzymałość, a także przewodność cieplną zapraw. Wykorzystane w badaniach kruszywa cieszą się coraz większą popularnością w przemyśle budowlanym ze względu na swoje specyficzne właściwości. W Polsce dopiero od niedawana została zapoczątkowana ,,era” wyrobów na bazie tych wypełniaczy, w przeciwieństwie do rynku zagranicznego.

Leaves of Alchemilla mollis (Bauser) Rothm. were the subject of the study. The leaves were harvested early in the morning from the department's ornamental plant collection. Selected leaves were fully-developed and showed no signs of damage or discolouring. Gibberellic acid (GA 3 ), benzyladenine (BA), meta-methoxytopolin (MemT) and its riboside (MemTR) at concentrations of 25, 50 and 75 mg dm -3 were applied in the form of solutions to four-hour leaf-conditioning in the room at a temperature of 18-20°C. After conditioning, the leaves were placed in distilled water. Leaves put into distilled water immediately after cutting served as the control. The post-harvest longevity of leaves of Alchemilla mollis was 7.2-11.8 days. The conditioning of leaves in gibberellic acid solutions at concentrations of 25-50 mg dm

BMS (Building Management System), i.e. the central building control, assumes integrated control of all building functions-from air conditioning and heating to lighting, access control and security issues. Properly designed BMS solutions improve the operation of the building service, allow for a quick reaction in case of emergency situations and significantly facilitate maintenance activities. Building automation systems also allow for data collection and analysis, which can be used among other things, to optimise energy and water consumption in buildings. The aim of the paper is to provide and to discuss findings of the analysis of the impact of the BMS application in the city stadium design, which is an example of a public facility, on the possibility of controlling the life cycle costs of the facility under examination. In the first step, on the basis of the design documentation and the stadium operation schedule prepared by the authors, the life cycle costs of the analysed facility were calculated in accordance with the methodology recommended by the Polish public procurement law with use of the SMART SPP calculation tool. The functional assumptions of the BMS designed for the stadium were taken into account. Then a change was introduced to the analysis at the input consisting in the simulation of BMS removal from the facility and then the introduction of the risk factor of human error on the part of the staff during the annual operation of the stadium in relation to the operation of the lighting system of the facility. The analysis is summarised by comparing the calculation results for both scenarios. The findings indicate the benefits of using BMS in facility management.

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