Urinary tract infection (UTI) is an infection caused by the presence and growth of microorganisms in the urinary tract. In most cases empirical antimicrobial treatment is usually initiated before the laboratory results are made available; hence the need for antibiotic susceptibility test to enhance management of UTI. The study was designed to determine the bacterial profile and antibiotic susceptibility pattern of urinary tract bacteria isolated from symptomatic and asymptomatic diabetic patients at Bingham University Teaching Hospital Jos. 100 mid-stream urine samples (app. 20 mls) were aseptically collected into sterile containers after informed consent of diabetic patients of ages 20 years and above were analyzed at Central Diagnostic Laboratory NVRI Vom. The isolates were identified using standard bacteriological techniques after been cultured on MacConkey and CLED agars. Antibiotic sensitivity testing was done in accordance with NCCLS disc diffusion methods. The results were then analyzed using chi square test. Of the 100 urine samples, different bacterial uropathogens were isolated, with a prevalence of 40%. The bacteria isolates were; Coagulase negative Staphylococci (CNS) (37.5%), Escherichia coli (24%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (12.5%), Staphylococcus aureus (15%) and Streptococcus spp (10%). Esherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae were highly resistant to most antibiotics used, while coagulase negative staphylococci, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus spp were highly sensitive to most antibiotics used in this study. Self-medication including antibiotics is clearly a major culprit. Behavioral Change Communication to all stake holders is increased to cover all radio and TV stations in the state. In addition, investigations (routine microscopy, culture and sensitivity of urine) be completed before treatment is commenced in order to mitigate acquisition and spread of drug resistance by bacteria.

Aim:The aim of this study is to ascertain the antimicrobial action of crude extracts of Beta vulgaris (Beetroot) against Salmonella typhi, Klebsiella pneumonia, and Citrobacter koseri. Place and Duration of the Study: This study was carried out in the Department of Biological Sciences, Bingham University, Karu, between July to August, 2017. Materials and Methods: Beetroot samples were obtained from GaddaBiu market Jos. The isolates were obtained from the Zanklin research Institute, Bingham University. Crude extracts of Beetroot bulb was obtained by soaking, boiling and maceration, which was used to determine the susceptibility of the microbial isolates to the extracts. Results: The highest mean zone of inhibition obtained was 6.67mm from application of boiled crude extracts of Beta vulgaris to Citrobacter koseri. The highest mean zone of inhibition of antibiotics was 43.67 mm observed from ciprofloxacin upon its application on Salmonella typhi. The lowest mean zone of inhibition was 23.00 mm obtained from gentamicin upon its introduction on C. koseri.

Background: The acceptance of traditional medicine as an alternative form of healthcare and the development of microbial resistance to the available antibiotics has led researchers to investigate the antimicrobial activity of plant extracts. Aim: This was to evaluate antibacterial activity and potential effect of Lawsonia inermis leaves against three tests organisms namely: Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, and Shigella. Methodology: Ethanoic extracts of Lawsonia inermis was obtained. The extracts were boiled, macerated, soaked and the implementation of the extracts to determine the antimicrobial activities on culture was performed by diffusion method. Three antibiotics (Gentamicin, Ciprofloxacin and Cefataxime) were used as control for the test organisms respectively. Results: The inhibition of each test organism was achieved in one or two extracts. Escherichia coli had the highest (7.25mm) zone of inhibition from soaked extract with lowest (5.00mm) zone of inhibition from boiled extract, Salmonella typhi had the highest (11.63mm) zone of inhibition from boiled extract with lowest (8.25mm) zone of inhibition from macerated extract, and Shigella had the highest zone of inhibition 19.50mm from soaked extract, and had the lowest zone of inhibition 12.63mm from boiled extract. Furthermore, the soaked ethanoic extract had a zone of inhibition ranging from 7.25mm- 19.50mm. Also, the ethanoic extract boiled had zones of inhibition ranging from 5.00mm – 12.63mm, and the ethanoic extract macerated had a zone of inhibition range of 6.63mm- 17.75mm. The zones of inhibition produced by the controls are; gentamicin produced zones of inhibition ranging from 25.00mm – 26.00mm, ciprofloxacin produced zones of inhibition ranging from 20.00mm – 22.00mm, and cefataxime produced zones of inhibition ranging from 18.00mm – 21.00mm. The Statistical analysis was applied to the result using the one-way ANOVA test to compare the differences in the means. Conclusion: The results indicated that there was no significant difference in the effects of the ethanoic extracts of Lawsonia inermis on the tests organisms S. typhi, E. coli and Shigella and the controls. (p<0.05, F Cal = 0.103, F Tab = 4.257).