Este libro aborda el proceso de reciclaje como un eje primordial en la búsqueda de sustentabilidad cuyo compromiso es disminuir el impacto ambiental del desarrollo económico. En Colombia el reciclaje constituye una oportunidad en los procesos económicos, pero también en la generación de conciencia en la protección del medio ambiente. En primer lugar, se realiza un desarrollo conceptual sobre la economía circular. Posteriormente, se analiza el tema desde una perspectiva práctica en las cadenas de producción y consumo, y entendiendo el rol del reciclaje como nodo central de los procesos productivos. En tercer lugar, se aborda el contexto de Colombia, con un diagnóstico territorial y normativo; y un análisis detallado de las estaciones de clasificación y aprovechamiento (eca), unidad básica del modelo de reciclaje inclusivo en el país. Y, finalmente, se exploran los procesos tecnológicos que recientemente han impulsado mejoras en los procesos de reciclaje.
La economía de las tiendas de barrio en ColombiaReseña Las tiendas de barrio, entendidas como microestablecimientos comerciales que no hacen parte de cadenas o franquicias, son uno de los elementos culturales y económicos centrales de los barrios tradicionales en gran parte del mundo. Este libro analiza su existencia y su relevancia bajo diferentes miradas para comprender el papel de la informalidad en las economías emergentes. En primer lugar, se realiza un acercamiento teórico desde la economía y la teoría de sistemas, acompañado de una caracterización estadística de esta clase de negocios. En este sentido se exploran diversas teorías sobre el rol del tendero como emprendedor, desempleado disfrazado, y de su papel como nodo central de la actividad en los barrios. Posteriormente, se analiza la informalidad empresarial en las economías emergentes, haciendo una revisión de la literatura especializada en diversos continentes. De ese aspecto global se pasa a un estudio de caso: el barrio Minuto de Dios en la ciudad de Bogotá, en donde se realiza una caracterización y una intervención a los establecimientos de un barrio diseñado para la clase media. Sobre intervenciones, en particular se explora la transformación digital de los tenderos, un tema que tomó especial relevancia en la época de la crisis generada por la pandemia generada por el coronavirus. Se analizan en detalle los casos de Pereira e Ibagué, donde se caracteriza la respuesta de los establecimientos a la situación.Palabras clave: tiendas de barrio, economía informal, economía minorista, comportamiento del consumidor, economía inclusiva, coronavirus, transformación digital.
Background: Price caps through international reference pricing are widely used around the World, but not so commonly in over-the-counter markets (OTC). We study this type of regulation for the case of oral contraceptives in Colombia, which is a de facto OTC market. Objectives: We aim to establish whether the regulation triggered a competitive response within and across product categories (active pharmaceutical ingredients).We also study whether regulated products targeted to customers from high socio-economic status are now distributed in pharmacies from low socio-economic neighborhoods.Methods: First, we use a fixed effects linear panel model to estimate the change in prices and quantities associated with the new regulation for regulated and non-regulated products using administrative data at the wholesale level, according to three price tiers. Second, we conducted an audit study with 213 community pharmacies in the city of Bogotá, Colombia. We visited pharmacies twice, before and after the introduction of the price cap, collecting information on prices and availability of six selected brands. Findings: The wholesale-level analysis reveals a price reduction in regulated and non-regulated products with a regulated active ingredient. Traded quantities increase for the same product types, but only for those in the most expensive categories. Besides, the traded quantities of non-regulated products decrease.However, the traded quantities of non-regulated products in the Top, Intermediate, and Bottom price categories decreased. Although this price reduction is also transmitted to community pharmacies, the availability of the high-end and mid-range contraceptives included in our audit study decreases as well. We provide suggestive evidence that reduction in the availability of was larger in areas of low socio-economic status.Conclusions: Price cap regulations that might look as effective in lowering prices and expanding access at the aggregate level could conceal stocking patterns that negatively affect the product availability for the final consumer.
Background:The economic assessment of health care models in palliative care promotes their global development. The purpose of the study is to compare the cost–utility ratio of a palliative care program (named Contigo) with that of conventional care from the perspective of a health benefit plan administrator company, Sanitas, in Colombia. Methods: The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio was estimated using micro-costing in a retrospective, analytical cross-sectional study on the care of terminally ill patients enrolled in a palliative care program. A 6-month time horizon prior to death was used. The EQ-5D-3L questionnaire (EQ-5D-3L) and the McGill Quality of Life Questionnaire (MQOL) were used to measure the quality of life. Results: The study included 43 patients managed within the program and 16 patients who received conventional medical management. The program was found to be US dollars (USD) 1,789.41 less expensive than conventional practice (P = 0.01). When compared to the last 15 days, there is a higher perception of quality of life, which yielded 0.25 in the EQ-5D-3L (p < 0.01) and 1.55 in the MQOL (P < 0.01). The incremental cost–utility ratio per quality-adjusted life year was USD 290.11. Conclusion: Because the Contigo program reduces costs while improving quality of life, it is considered to be cost-effective and a model with value in health care. A greater availability of palliative care programs, such as Contigo, in Colombia can help reduce existing gaps in access to universal palliative care health coverage, resulting in more cost-effective care.
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