[eng] The growth in studies on business data has revealed the wide differences in productivity between firms, sometimes even within narrowly defined activity sectors. The least productive firms therefore have ample margin for catching up. Their convergence towards the level of the most productive firms can be an important factor in productivity dynamics at macroeconomic level. Our article sheds light on this convergence in France in the 1990s and 2000s, and on some of its possible determinants. Convergence was greater for labour productivity than for total factor productivity. But, most importantly, the speed of convergence slowed in the 1990s, mainly because of an acceleration in the productivity of firms on the technological frontier, i. e., the firms that were already the most productive. We suggest three explanations for these stylized facts: (1) globalization and (2) information technologies, which seemingly benefited the most productive firms, and (3) increased competition, which stimulated the productivity of firms on the technological frontier while inhibiting convergence for the least productive firms. [fre] Le développement des études sur données d’entreprises a mis en évidence la forte dispersion de la productivité entre les entreprises, même dans des secteurs d’activité définis de façon étroite. Il existe donc des marges importantes de rattrapage pour les entreprises les moins productives. Leur convergence vers le niveau des firmes les plus productives peut constituer un élément important de la dynamique de la productivité au niveau macroéconomique. Cet article apporte un éclairage sur cette convergence, dans les années 1990 et 2000, en France et sur quelques-uns des facteurs qui pourraient l’expliquer. Ainsi, la convergence a été plus forte pour la productivité du travail que pour la productivité globale des facteurs. Mais surtout, la vitesse de convergence a diminué au cours des années 1990, ce qui s’explique principalement par une accélération de la productivité des firmes à la frontière technologique, c’est-à-dire de celles qui étaient déjà les plus productives. Trois facteurs d’explication sont avancés à ces faits stylisés: la mondialisation et les technologies de l’information auraient bénéficié davantage aux firmes les plus productives, tandis que l’accroissement de la concurrence aurait à la fois stimulé la productivité des firmes à la frontière et découragé la convergence des firmes les moins productives. [ger] Die diesbezüglichen Studien mittels Unternehmensdaten zeigen eine starke Streuung der Produktivität zwischen den Unternehmen, auch in Tätigkeitsbereichen, die eng definiert sind. Somit gibt es bedeutende Spielräume für die am wenigsten produktiven Unternehmen, ihren Rückstand aufzuholen. Ihre Konvergenz hin zum Niveau der produktivsten Unternehmen kann bei der Produktivitätsdynamik auf gesamtwirtschaftlicher Ebene ein wichtiger Faktor sein. Dieser Artikel gibt Aufschlüsse über diese Konvergenz in den 1990er Jahren und den Jahren von 2000 in Frankreich sowie über einige der Faktoren, di...
Studies of firm-level data have shown that there is a huge dispersion of productivity across firms even when industries are narrowly defined. So there is a significant opportunity for the least productive firms to catch up to the most productive. The formers' convergence could therefore constitute an important part of productivity growth at the macroeconomic level. This article sheds light on this convergence process in the 1990s and the 2000s in France and on some of the factors which can explain it. Productivity convergence was stronger for labour productivity than for total factor productivity. But most importantly the speed of convergence has slowed during the course of the 1990s, a fact which is explained principally by the acceleration of the productivity of firms on the technological frontier. Three possible explanations of these stylised facts are considered: globalisation, information technology, and competition. Globalisation and information technology may have benefited the most productive firms more and the growth of competition may at the same time have stimulated the productivity of firms at the frontier while discouraging the convergence of the least productive firms.
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