A double-blind controlled trial of prophylactic factor VIII therapy has been carried out on nine severe haemophiliacs at the Lord Mayor Treloar College. Infusions were given once weekly and calculated to give a post-infusion plasma concentration of at least 0.25 I.U./ml of factor VIII. This regime reduced the overall bleeding frequency by 15%. The bleeding frequency in the first 3 days post-infusion was reduced by 66%. A moderate overall reduction in morbidity was also achieved. It is calculated that to reduce the incidence of bleeding in severe haemophiliacs by 15% would require a 73% increased usage of therapeutic materials. More than twice this amount of material is likely to be needed to reduce the bleeding frequency of the same group by 66%.

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The clinical and pathological findings in a fatal case of farmer's lung in a 17-year-old youth are described. His lungs were uncomplicated by chronic disease, and his first exposure to mouldy hay probably occurred only weeks before his death. As this was an acute attack, whose duration could be measured in days, the changes seen are probably the earliest to be recorded, and the probable nature of the sensitivity reaction can be deduced. The pathological process is seen to be an acute centrilobular bronchopneumonia of a special type and is associated with an obstructive bronchiolitis. There is a focal interstitial pneumonia with much proliferation of alveolar epithelium, and there is a necrotic exudate in which neutrophils and eosinophils are seen along with mononuclears, some lymphocytes, and plasma cells. The alveolar spaces are in many cases obscured, but others contain a haemorrhagic fluid. Alveolar capillaries show an acute vasculitis, with platelet and fibrin deposition, and with acute neutrophil infiltration. Serological and mycological data are included. Precipitins to mouldy hay and to Thermopolyspora polyspora were found in the serum. In dusts collected from his habitat T. polyspora was found. We think the bronchiolitis explains the severe dyspnoea, and the vasculitis accounts for the malaise, fever, and haemoptysis. The histological findings are compared with accounts of experimentally produced Arthus reactions and tuberculin reactions, and we give our reasons for believing the fundamental lesion to be an Arthus reaction.There is good evidence that farmer's lung is the result of a hypersensitivity reaction caused by antigens found in mouldy hay or cereals (Pepys and Jenkins, 1965). In a typical case of several years' duration the histological picture of granulomata, with scarring and distortion of both bronchioles and lung parenchyma, gives no clue as to the aetiology of the condition. Nor does material obtained by lung biopsy from cases of shorter duration, which often show giant-cell granulomata (Totten, Reid, Davis, and Moran, 1958; Seal, Thomas, and Griffiths, 1963). No descriptions of patients who have died in the first attack of the disease have been published, although the account by Hoer, Horbach, and Schweisfurth (1964) of the death of a 15-year-old boy after a three-week illness said to have been caused by Aspergillus fumigatus could well have been of an acute attack of farmer's lung. HISTORYThe deceased schoolboy was a 17-year-old farmer's son, who first complained of symptoms in September 1964. Previously in perfect health, he had been awarded the victor ludorum in his school sports earlier that summer. He had spent the summer helping his father, and his first known exposure to mouldy hay occurred only weeks before his death.When first seen at the beginning of October 1964 he admitted to having felt tired and to looking ill for about eight weeks. For one week he had experienced a constricting pain across the chest, had sweated at night, and had coughed up some faintly blood-stained sputum. ...

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