Some of the world's most profound environmental changes are under way in China. Studying the underlying forces of environment-related behaviors at all levels in China is therefore extraordinarily important. This essay helps people outside China increase their understanding of these variables by summarizing findings of Chinese-language surveys conducted in China to measure environmental awareness, attitudes, and behaviors. People in different parts of China have differences in perceptions and behaviors. The article takes a macroscopic snapshot of how the Chinese view their environment as a prelude to analyses of more particularistic perceptions and actions. This snapshot depicts environmental destruction and rampant resource exploitation that is likely to continue for decades to come. However, by understanding this trend it may be possible to findways of eventually slowing it and thereby mitigating long-term environmental damage. The article includes an annotated bibliography of Chinese-language reports on environmental attitudes and behaviors.

The need for policy makers to understand science and for scientists to understand policy processes is widely recognised. However, the science-policy relationship is sometimes difficult and occasionally dysfunctional; it is also increasingly visible, because it must deal with contentious issues, or itself becomes a matter of public controversy, or both. We suggest that identifying key unanswered questions on the relationship between science and policy will catalyse and focus research in this field. To identify these questions, a collaborative procedure was employed with 52 participants selected to cover a wide range of experience in both science and policy, including people from government, non-governmental organisations, academia and industry. These participants consulted with colleagues and submitted 239 questions. An initial round of voting was followed by a workshop in which 40 of the most important questions were identified by further discussion and voting. The resulting list includes questions about the effectiveness of science-based decision-making structures; the nature and legitimacy of expertise; the consequences of changes such as increasing transparency; choices among different sources of evidence; the implications of new means of characterising and representing uncertainties; and ways in which policy and political processes affect what counts as authoritative evidence. We expect this exercise to identify important theoretical questions and to help improve the mutual understanding and effectiveness of those working at the interface of science and policy.

There is a need to determine stiffness at an early age, to help capture genetic breeding opportunities for better structural lumber. The current study investigates the possibility of selecting Pinus radiata clones with high modulus of elasticity (MOE). Various ways of measuring MOE are examined: traditional static bending, axial compression of bolts, existing sonic methods, as well as a tool specifically configured for resonance on short bolts. Wood characteristics and microfibril angle are measured on discs taken from each tree. Results show a good correlation between acoustic and static measurements of modulus of elasticity. Moreover, the selected seven radiata clones differ in stiffness by a factor of two, and much of this variation seems to relate to differences in microfibril angle. The results validate the assumption that there is potential to improve wood stiffness of radiata pine genetically. This work does not offer definitive solutions but explores a number of approaches that could be utilised as a selection tool in tree breeding for better product performance of radiata lumber. Here, development of methods based on acoustics is shown to assist in the necessary mass screening of clones for stiffness properties. Methoden zum Messen der Steifigkeit von jungen BäumenFür die genetische Züchtung besteht ein Bedarf, schon zu einem frühen Zeitpunkt die Steifigkeit der Bäume zu bestimmen, um höherwertigeres Schnittholz zu erzielen. Die gegenwärtige Untersuchung prüft die Möglichkeit Klone von Pinus radiata mit hohen MOE-Werten zu selektieren. Verschiedene Methoden zur MOE-Messung werden untersucht: konventionelle statische Biegetests, axiale Kompression von Stäben, vorhandene (Ultra)-Schallmethoden, sowie ein spezielles Gerät zum Messen der Resonanz von kurzen Stäben. Holzeigenschaften und Fibrillenwinkel wurden an Scheiben gemessen, die von jedem Baum entnommen wurden. Die Ergebnisse zeigen eine gute Korrelation zwischen akustischen und statischen Messungen des MOE. Die sieben ausgewählten Klone unterschieden sich in ihrer Steifigkeit um den Faktor 2, wobei ein Großteil dieser Variationen mit Unterschieden im Mikrofibrillenwinkel zusammenhängt. Die Ergebnisse bestätigen die Vermutung, daß ein Potential zum Verbessern der Holzfestigkeit durch genetische Methoden bei Pinus radiata vorhanden ist. Diese Arbeit bietet keine definitiven Lösungen. Sie untersucht eine Anzahl von Ansätzen zur Selektion bei der Züchtung im Hinblick auf bessere Schnittholzprodukte. Die entwicklung von akustischen Methoden erwies sich als hilfreich beim notwendigen Massen-Screening der Festigkeitseigenschaften der Klone.

We present a simple method to measure the cathodoluminescence of charging and non-charging phosphor powder layers at low primary electron beam energy. The method is based on comparing a non-charging surface of a conducting material such as copper or indium tin oxide with charging surfaces of non-conducting phosphors. The phosphors that were investigated were ZnO:Zn, which is slightly conductive and supposed not to charge upon electron bombardment, and Y 2 O 3 :Eu, which charges at sufficiently high current density. It was found that the luminous efficacies of ZnO:Zn and Y 2 O 3 :Eu at 5 keV primary beam energy were 23 and 16 lm/w respectively, larger than reported in the literature. This is partly explained by calculating the efficacy from the summation of the luminances measured in the reflected and transmitted mode. This method also minimizes the inaccuracy introduced by the effect of the coating weight. The ratio between luminances measured in reflection and transmission is described in terms of a one-dimensional light scattering theory. Previously we have reported on the various intrinsic luminescent phenomena, such as cathodoluminescence (CL), photoluminescence (PL) of nanometer sized rare earth doped yttrium oxide particles, crystallites and periodic nanostructures for photonic bandgap studies. 1-5More recently we have given an account on a CL study on double layers of zinc doped zinc oxide (ZnO:Zn) and nanometer sized (NS) europium doped yttrium oxide particles (Y 2 O 3 :Eu). 6 The objective of that study was to increase the light output of phosphor layers by making double layers of low and high voltage phosphors. In that study it was not possible to show that this approach was successful, mainly because the penetration depth at 5 kV in a thin top layer was insufficient to excite the bottom layer. Other problems were charging of the NS Y 2 O 3 :Eu top layer, which led to non-reproducible results and focusing effects of the electron beam. In this paper a new method will be introduced for determining the CL efficacy of phosphor powder layers that may charge upon electron bombardment. Furthermore, the optical behavior of the micrometer sized ZnO:Zn and the NS Y 2 O 3 :Eu particles in terms of a one-dimensional light scattering theory will be described.The challenge of measuring the CL of insulating phosphor layers at low electron beam energy is that the use of a top layer of aluminum (Al) to prevent charging of the phosphor grains cannot be used. This charging is negative in the case of the secondary emission coefficient γ being <1, or positive in the case that γ > 1. In principle the surface potential could approach that of the primary beam, and deflect the incoming beam. In practice no evidence of this happening has been observed in this work. What appears to be happening is that the thin surface layer charges up until it reaches the dielectric breakdown threshold of the material and then discharges, before resuming charging. As a result the surface potential fluctuates rapidly. This behavior can clearly b...

Herein a study on the preparation and cathodoluminescence of monosized spherical nanoparticles of Y2O3:Eu3+ having a Eu3+ concentration that varies between 0.01 and 10% is described. The luminous efficiency and decay time have been determined at low a current density, whereas cathodoluminescence-microscopy has been carried out at high current density, the latter led to substantial saturation of certain spectral transitions. A novel theory is presented to evaluate the critical distance for energy transfer from Eu3+ ions in S6 to Eu3+ ions in C2 sites. It was found that Y2O3:Eu3+ with 1-2% Eu3+ has the highest luminous efficiency of 16lm/w at 15keV electron energy. Decay times of the emission from 5D0 (C2) and 5D1 (C2) and 5D0 (S6) levels were determined. The difference in decay time from the 5D0 (C2) and 5D1 (C2) levels largely explained the observed phenomena in the cathodoluminescence-micrographs recorded with our field emission scanning electron microscope. . In this work CLtechniques were used as the characterization method of choice: in a vacuum system equipped with an electron gun and spectrometers, and in a field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM). 3The application of Y 2 O 3 :Eu 3+ in cathode ray tubes has fostered extended luminescence studies of this material. Before 1996 these studies were focused mainly on micrometer sized particles, [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12] more recently the attention has been directed to nano-sized powder materials. [13][14][15][16][17][18][19] In the earlier studies 4-12 the focus was on the interpretation of the excitation and emission spectra in terms of energy transfer in the Y 2 O 3 :Eu 3+ crystals, whereas in the latter studies [13][14][15][16][17][18][19] concentration, energy can be transferred from S 6 states to C 2 states. At low Eu 3+ concentration there is no interaction between a Eu 3+ ion at a S 6 site and a Eu 3+ ion at a C 2 site respectively and thus, there will be no energy transfer. Energy transfer also occurs in phosphors that are excited by an electron beam; therefore, it was also an objective of this work to investigate what information concerning energy transfer can be obtained from CL-spectra that are generated without activation of specified energy levels.In concentration of ca. 4.7 mole %, efficient energy transfer occurs between the S 6 and C 2 sites for Eu 3+ in the 5 D 0 level. As the 5 D 0 level in the S 6 site is 87 cm −1 higher than the same level in the C 2 site, the efficient energy transfer from S 6 to C 2 sites presumably occurs by simultaneous creation of a phonon.22 This efficient energy transfer is necessary for the high emission efficiency of the Y 2 O 3 :Eu 3+ phosphor, as the 5 D 0 → 7 F 2 transition which gives rise to the red 611 nm emission is electric dipole allowed for Eu 3+ in C 2 sites but forbidden for Eu 3+ in S 6 sites. In this work it was decided to focus on the 5 D 0 → 7 F 1 (S 6 ) transition at 582 nm and the 5 D 0 → 7 F 2 (C 2 ) transition at 611 nm, because these are reasonably well separated from other trans...