We conducted a review of literature regarding sexual attitudes and double standards, focusing on participant gender and ethnic background. We found that men had more permissive sexual attitudes than women, and that African Americans had the most permissive sexual attitudes, followed by White Americans, then by Hispanic Americans and Asian Americans. The literature regarding sexual double standards was mixed; some studies showed evidence of continued sexual double standards and some studies showed the absence of sexual double standards. In some studies, men were more likely to endorse the sexual double standard than women. We found only one article addressing sexual double standards using ethnic background as a quasi-independent variable; this research revealed that non-North American (Russian and Japanese) samples were more likely to endorse the traditional double standard, that sex is more acceptable for men than for women.Keywords Sexual attitudes Á Double standard Á Ethnicity Á Gender According to Billy Crystal ''women need a reason to have sex. Men just need a place'' (Moncur 2007). This quote illustrates the common perception that sexual attitudes differ by gender; specifically, that men have more permissive attitudes towards sex while women have (relatively) more conservative attitudes toward sex. Research supports this common perception, showing that men do indeed have more

This report examines the concurrent effects of manipulating attentional focus and emotional context on human blink reflex modulation Eyeblink reflexes were elicited by air puffs or noise bursts from two groups of subjects while the focus of attention was manipulated Emotional context was varied by changing the description of the air-puff stimulus between groups, all other protocol parameters were identical Blink amplitude varied directly with the allocation of attention resources across sensory modalities in the neutral affective context In the negative context, a general reflex facilitation was augmented when attention was focused on the aversive stimulus These results indicate that the emotional context can affect the expression of attentional mechanisms involved in modulation of the eyeblink reflex

Objectives: Modafinil has recently been approved for the treatment of shift work sleep disorder, making it potentially available for shift-working emergency physicians. The authors' objectives were to determine whether modafinil improved cognitive performance of emergency physicians following overnight shifts and to record symptoms and subjective evaluations of the effect of modafinil on the participants.Methods: This was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study that followed CON-SORT guidelines. Participants were assigned to one of two study groups, with study sessions occurring at least seven weeks apart, and received either modafinil or placebo depending on their random allocation. Testing after night shifts included a coding task and an AX version of the Continuous Performance Task, both of which test cognitive function. Participants also completed visual analog scales for three subjective outcomes, and symptoms were elicited.Results: Modafinil facilitated performance on long interstimulus-interval AX trials (F [1, 23] = 6.65, p = 0.1) and marginally reduced errors on AY trials in the Continuous Performance Task (F [1, 23] = 3.59, p = 0.07), suggesting facilitation of sustained attention, cognitive control, and working memory. Additionally, modafinil, compared with placebo, facilitated performance on the coding task at the first session. Subjective data from visual analog scales confirmed that modafinil increased perceived alertness during the simulated patient care sessions but worsened sleep onset when opportunities for sleep arose. Conclusions:Modafinil increased certain aspects of cognitive function and subjectively improved participants' ability to attend post-night-shift didactic sessions but made it more difficult for participants to fall asleep when opportunities for sleep arose.ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2006; 13:158-165 ª

This study investigated the ability of color and motion to elicit and maintain visual attention in a sample of children with cortical visual impairment (CVI). It found that colorful and moving objects may be used to engage children with CVI, increase their motivation to use their residual vision, and promote visual learning.