Telesurgery uses wireless networking and robotic technology to allow surgeons to operate on patients who are distantly located. This technology not only benefits today’s shortage of surgeons, but it also eliminates geographical barriers that prevent timely and high-quality surgical intervention, financial burden, complications, and often risky long-distance travel. The system also provides improved surgical accuracy and ensures the safety of surgeons. In this paper, we describe the current trend of telesurgery’s innovative developments and its future.

The ionization equilibria of dicarboxylic acids measured by K1/K2 are expected to be substantially influenced by stabilization of the monoanion through intramolecular hydrogen bonding. However, except in sterically favorable cases, such as with maleic, 3,4‐furandicarboxylic, 2,3‐bicyclo[1.2.2]heptadienedicarboxylic and diethylmalonic acids, the K1/K2 values for other dicarboxylic acids, where intramolecular hydrogen bonding of the monoanion might be expected, are relatively small at ∼100 in water. This research uses NMR to corroborate and extend the pioneering conductance measurements of K1/K2 of dicarboxylic acids by Kolthoff and coworkers with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as solvent. In extending these measurements, we have determined K1/K2 for 3,4‐furandicarboxylic (1) and 2,3‐bicyclo[1.2.2]heptadienedicarboxylic (2) acids, because these were predicted by McCoy to be especially sterically favorable for intramolecular hydrogen bonding in the form of their monoanions and, indeed, we have found K1/K2 values for these acids in DMSO of 1 × 1015 and 4 × 1016 respectively. In contrast, the corresponding value for succinic acid is about 108. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The travel medicine practitioner should routinely counsel travellers about responsible self-photography during international travel and should include this advice in printed material given to the patient. The travel and mobile phone industries should reinforce these health promotion messages. Future research should offer greater insights into traveller selfie-taking behaviour.

The nerve to the mylohyoid (NM) originates from the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve. The NM provides motor control to the mylohyoid and the anterior belly of the digastric. Its sensory component, as a variation of this nerve, has scantly been described in the literature. We discuss the current clinical implications of the NM based on its anatomical variations of the with the hopes of benefiting patients who are undergoing invasive maxillofacial procedures.

A sternal foramen (SF), which arises from the incomplete fusion of the cartilaginous neonatal sternum, is a relatively common anatomical variation found in 2.5% to 13.8 % of all individuals. SFs are usually located at the lower third of the sternal body and their average diameter is 6.5 mm. An SF is subclinical; however, its close proximity to the thoracic organs, i.e., the heart and lungs, entails a risk of serious complications from blinded sternal interventions. Moreover, its presence can lead to misinterpretation of radiological and postmortem findings. The SF is ignored by many physicians and non-physician healthcare providers who must understand its clinical significance in order to optimize patient care. Our aim in this review is to highlight the potential clinical consequences for SF patients, discuss recommendations for performing sternal procedures safely when this anatomical variation is present, and preclude radiological and pathological misinterpretations so that patient care can be improved.