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BackgroundDespite di erences in how it is defined, there is a general consensus amongst clinicians and researchers that the sexual abuse of children and adolescents ('child sexual abuse') is a substantial social problem worldwide. The e ects of sexual abuse manifest in a wide range of symptoms, including fear, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder and various externalising and internalising behaviour problems, such as inappropriate sexual behaviours. Child sexual abuse is associated with increased risk of psychological problems in adulthood. Cognitivebehavioural approaches are used to help children and their non-o ending or 'safe' parent to manage the sequelae of childhood sexual abuse. This review updates the first Cochrane review of cognitive-behavioural approaches interventions for children who have been sexually abused, which was first published in 2006. ObjectivesTo assess the e icacy of cognitive-behavioural approaches (CBT) in addressing the immediate and longer-term sequelae of sexual abuse on children and young people up to 18 years of age. Cognitive-behavioural interventions for children who have been sexually abused (Review)

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In spinal manipulative therapy, extreme range of motion as the result of the forces applied is generally believed to represent a major risk for negative side effects, especially with regard to the cervical spine. With a multiple component technique, amplitudes between head and upper trunk were shown not to differ significantly with regard to the side nor to the spinal level. Recorded ranges of motion did not exceed those reported for active motion in literature.