The connections of a higher order auditory area in the neostriatum intermedium pars ventrolateralis (NTVL) were mapped with pathway tracing techniques in order to elucidate possible pathways by which auditory feedback may influence vocal learning in the budgerigar (Melopsittacus undulatus). Previous research has shown that NTVL receives projections from Field 'L' as well as adjacent portions of the dorsolateral neostriatum intermedium (NIDL) and hyperstriatum ventrale (HV) and, therefore, may be homologous to previously described auditory centers in the dorsal and lateral portions of the auditory neostriatum of songbirds. The efferent connections of NTVL terminate within a small portion of the rostromedial archistriatum as well as a more rostrally situated area within the medial neostriatum intermedium (NI) and HV. Near by (but not overlapping) fields in NI and HV receive input from the nucleus dorsomedialis posterior thalami (DMP), the archistriatum and ectostriatum. Interestingly, only the DMP projection field overlaps a neural field known to be related to the vocal motor system. The DMP projection field corresponds to that previously described as the magnocellular nucleus of the anterior neostriatum; this nucleus is known to project to the higher vocal center in the budgerigar. In addition to projections from NIVL to medial NI and HV, auditory information is relayed to the anterolateral telencephalon directly from the brainstem via the ventrolateral nucleus of the lateral lemniscus (VLV). This latter pathway appears comparable to that described in pigeons derived from the intermediate nucleus of the lateral lemniscus. The projection field of VLV overlaps a restricted portion of the caudal and medial aspect of nucleus basalis. These results support the notion that many aspects of telencephalic auditory pathways in birds are primitive characters, although a direct connection between auditory and vocal motor circuits was not found in the present study.

King County, Washington is a part of the rapidly growing Pacific Northwest region. This growth has placed pressure on stream corridors. Past studies about regional stream corridors provide a rich source of information for environmental planners and managers. This article draws on existing literature and case studies to provide guidelines for determining optimal stream corridor widths in a watershed located in King County, Washington.Stream corridors are the surface water drainage systems that include both the water body and the adjacent riparian land. Stream corridors can be viewed from a variety of perspectives: (1) as an aesthetic amenity for residential and commercial development, (2) as habitat waters for fish, (3) as wildlife refuges, (4) as the outfall for storm sewers, (5) as important for agricultural uses, (6) as water supplies, and (7) as resources for open space and recreation. Pressures on stream corridors increase whenever land development expands (Coughlin and others 1972). The purpose of this article is to develop a management strategy from a literature review and fieldwork on Pacific Northwest corridors. This approach combines several methods for rating aspects of stream corridors into one common technique. Protecting a major portion of stream corridors as a classified land use would reduce the degradation of riparian ecosystems from development pressures.Changes in land use create problems of reduced water quality and open space, along with a reduction in the quality of riparian zones through loss of vegetation cover and soil erosion. Development can have serious impacts on stream and riparian environments. Sediment, toxic wastes, erosion, fecal pollution, decreased dissolved oxygen, higher water temperatures,

King County, Washington is part of the rapidly growing Pacific Northwest region. Analysis of past and current federal, state, and county regulations and administation reveals how stream corridors have been protected to date. This article draws on scientific literature and a case study to suggest future management strategies and guidelines for controlling development in King County watersheds.

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