Liquid and supercritical CO 2 have been used for the first time to achieve direct isolation of valuable wax products from wheat straw (

There is much concern about the toxicological effects of synthetic hair dyes. As an alternative approach, renewable waste blackcurrant ( Ribes nigrum L.) fruit skins from the fruit pressing industry were extracted using acidified water with a solid-phase purification stage. Anthocyanin colorants were isolated in good yields (2-3% w/ w) and characterized by HPLC. Sorption of anthocyanins onto hair followed a Freundlich isotherm; anthocyanin-anthocyanin aggregation interactions enabled high buildup on the substrate. Sorption energy of cyanidin-3- O-glucoside (monosaccharide) > cyanidin-3- O-rutinoside (disaccharide), but sorption properties of different anthocyanin glucosides were very similar. Intense blue-colored dyeing on hair could be achieved with λ at 580 nm, typical of the anionic quinonoid base; it is suggested that hair provides an environment that enables the stabilization of the anionic quinonoid base on adsorption through association with cations in the hair and copigmentation effects. Dyeings were stable to multiple washes.

This is a repository copy of Enhancing the potential exploitation of food waste: Extraction, purification, and characterization of renewable specialty chemicals from blackcurrants (Ribes nigrum L.

The Baylis-Hillman reaction can be efficiently carried out in scCO2 with enhanced reaction rates relative to comparable solution phase reactions; at low pressures, a novel dimerisation is observed which has led to the development of a novel one-pot three component coupling reaction to form highly functionalized ethers.

This review provides an introduction to three of the most well-developed solvent replacement strategies currently under investigation for synthetic chemistry: Ionic liquids, fluorous phase techniques, and supercritical carbon dioxide. They are all fascinating reaction media, and have considerable potential for use in pharmaceutical synthesis. However, this has to be balanced with problems and limitations of the new methods. This review aims to provide an overall account of recent advances in the use of unusual media for synthetic chemistry, with an emphasis on highlighting potential benefits, but also limitations, of each of the methods described.