This paper presents the results of a multi-disciplinary provenance study of querns and millstones during the Roman period (1st-4th century CE) in the northern part of the Roman Empire (provinces of Gallia Belgica and Germania Inferior). Comparative petrographical, mineralogical and geochemical analysis allowed an international team of archaeologists and geologists to identify the different raw materials used for the manufacturing of querns and millstones. As a result, (litho-) stratigraphic assignments as well as geological-geographical provenances are suggested or corroborated for the broad spectrum of these natural geo-materials. We give evidence for the exploitation of at least seven different rock types. They include sedimentary rocks (fine- to coarse-grained quartzitic and arkosic sandstones, conglomerates, limestones) and volcanic rocks (vesicular lavas) derived from different geological strata in the following geological-geographical settings: the volcanic Eifel area (Pleistocene lava), the Ardennes Massif (Palaeozoic sedimentary rocks) and the Paris and Northern Sea Basin (Cenozoic sedimentary rocks). Furthermore we show that a large diversity existed within different productions (different types of hand-mills and mechanical powered mills) and distribution patterns. This paper provides new data which will lead to new insights into the socio-economics of the local “Gallo-Roman” communities and into their networks within the northern Roman Empire.
ABSTRACT. For some years, a French-Belgian team of archaeologists and geologists is investigating the provenance of ancient quernstones and millstones. Their study revealed the frequent occurrence of particular coarse sandstones derived from Lower Devonian strata in the Ardenne region, known as either the "Arkose of Haybes" by geologists or the "Arkose of Macquenoise" by archaeologists. Material for Late Iron Age and Roman quern-stones and millstones was quarried from open pits located west of the border between France and Belgium, between the Belgian village of Macquenoise (Commune of Momignies, Province of Hainaut) and the French town of Hirson (Aisne Department, Hauts-de-France region). This paper describes the raw materials, presents the different types of grindstones produced through historical times and provides a detailed diffusion map of the millstones.
Dans ces deux massifs, deux zones de carrières se distinguent par la présence d'ébauches de meules rotatives (Macquenoise et Burtonville). Les meules rotatives taillées dans ce matériau (« arkoses » ou grès dévoniens d'Ardenne) sont mises au jour dans tout le nord
Mots-clés Champagne-Ardenne, moulin rotatif, meule de type Pompéi, Antiquité. Keywords Champagne-Ardennes, rotary quern, millstone, pompeian mill, Antiquity, Roman period. Résumé L'étude de plus de 260 meules antiques découvertes en Champagne-Ardenne permet d'observer une standardisation des aménagements des meules à l'instar de ce qui est fréquemment constaté pour le reste du territoire français durant cette période. À cette normalisation des outils de mouture répond la variété des roches employées pour réaliser ces meules. Les cartes de répartition des lithocorpus révèlent leurs trajectoires de diffusion.
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