. 2014. Mapping cultural ecosystem services: a framework to assess the potential for outdoor recreation across the EU.Contact CEH NORA team at noraceh@ceh.ac.ukThe NERC and CEH trademarks and logos ('the Trademarks') are registered trademarks of NERC in the UK and other countries, and may not be used without the prior written consent of the Trademark owner. Elsevier Editorial System(tm) for Ecological Indicators Manuscript DraftManuscript Number: Abstract: The publication of the EU Biodiversity Strategy to 2020 requires a substantial effort in terms of operationalizing the ecosystem service concept. Target 2 of the Strategy in fact advocates that ecosystems and their services have to be "maintained and enhanced" in the current decade. This necessitates the development of methods to map and assess ecosystem services at regional and Country level, which is recognized under Action 5 of the strategy.Research on ecosystem services mapping and valuing has boosted in recent years, nevertheless compared to other groups (provisioning, regulating) cultural ecosystem services are not yet fully integrated into operational frameworks. One reason is the transdisciplinarity which is required to address the issue: by their own definition cultural services (which encompass physical, intellectual, spiritual interactions with biota) need to be analysed from multiple perspectives (i.e. ecological, social, behavioural). A second reason is most likely the lack of data for large-scale assessments, being direct surveys a main source of information. Among cultural ecosystem services, assessment of outdoor recreation can be based on a large pool of literature developed mostly in social and medical science, and landscape and ecology studies. This paper presents a methodology to include recreation in the conceptual framework for EU wide ecosystem assessments (Maes et al., 2013), which couples existing approaches for recreation management at Country level with behavioural data derived from surveys and literature, and population distribution analysis. The result is a frame that can be applied to quantify the capacity of outdoor recreation as ecosystem service to citizens in the EU, and describe through Country profiles differences in provision, as input to land planning processes.Dear Editor, we are pleased to submit a contribution to Ecological Indicators. The manuscript is entitled Mapping cultural ecosystem services: the case of outdoor recreation. This is an original contribution to the scientific literature and its submission is supported by all the authors. The paper contains new material which is not considered elsewhere for review or publication.Our paper proposes a methodology to include outdoor recreation in the Mapping and Assessment of Ecosystem Services (MAES) framework (http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/knowledge/ecosystem_assessment/pdf/MAESWorkingPaper201 3.pdf), in support of the EU Biodiversity Strategy to 2020. More in general, we believe the paper indicates a viable path to include a cultural ecosystem service in EU...

Isoprene basal emission (the emission of isoprene from leaves exposed to a light intensity of 1000 m m m m mol m ----2 s ----1 and maintained at a temperature of 30 ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ C) was measured in Phragmites australis plants growing under elevated CO 2 in the Bossoleto CO 2 spring at Rapolano Terme, Italy, and under ambient CO 2 at a nearby control site. Gas exchange and biochemical measurements were concurrently taken. Isoprene emission was lower in the plants growing at elevated CO 2 than in those growing at ambient CO 2 . Isoprene emission and isoprene synthase activity (IsoS) were very low in plants growing at the bottom of the spring under very rich CO 2 and increased at increasing distance from the spring (and decreasing CO 2 concentration). Distance from the spring did not significantly affect photosynthesis making it therefore unlikely that there is carbon limitation to isoprene formation. The isoprene emission rate was very quickly reduced after rapid switches from elevated to ambient CO 2 in the gas-exchange cuvette, whereas it increased when switching from ambient to elevated CO 2 . The rapidity of the response may be consistent with post-translational modifications of enzymes in the biosynthetic pathway of isoprene formation. Reduction of IsoS activity is interpreted as a long-term response. Basal emission of isoprene was not constant over the day but showed a diurnal course opposite to photosynthesis, with a peak during the hottest hours of the day, independent of stomatal conductance and probably dependent on external air temperature or temporary reduction of CO 2 concentration. The present experiments show that basal emission rate of isoprene is likely to be reduced under future elevated CO 2 levels and allow improvement in the modelling of future isoprene emission rates.

Summary1. Understanding and quantifying constraints to multiple ecosystem service delivery and biodiversity is vital for developing management strategies for current and future human well-being. A particular challenge is to reconcile demand for increased food production with provision of other ecosystem services and biodiversity. 2. Using a spatially extensive data base (covering Great Britain) of co-located biophysical measurements (collected in the Countryside Survey), we explore the relationships between ecosystem service indicators and biodiversity across a temperate ecosystem productivity gradient. 3. Each service indicator has an individual response curve demonstrating that simultaneous analysis of multiple ecosystem services is essential for optimal service management. The shape of the response curve can be used to indicate whether 'land sharing' (provision of multiple services from the same land parcel) or 'land sparing' (single service prioritization) is the most appropriate option. 4. Soil carbon storage and above-ground net primary production indicators were found to define opposing ends of a primary gradient in service provision. Biodiversity and water quality indicators were highest at intermediate levels of both factors, consistent with a unimodal relationship along a productivity gradient. 5. Positive relationships occurred between multiple components of biodiversity, measured as taxon richness of all plants, bee and butterfly nectar plants, soil invertebrates and freshwater macroinvertebrates, indicating potential for management measures directed at one aspect of biodiversity to deliver wider ecosystem biodiversity. 6. We demonstrate that in temperate, human-dominated landscapes, ecosystem services are highly constrained by a fundamental productivity gradient. There are immediate trade-offs between productivity and soil carbon storage but potential synergies with services with different shaped relationships to production. 7. Synthesis and applications. Using techniques such as response curves to analyse multiple service interactions can inform the development of Spatial Decision Support tools and landscapescale ecosystem service management options. At intermediate productivity, 'land-sharing' would optimize multiple services, however, to deliver significant soil carbon storage 'land-sparing' is required, that is, resources focused in low productivity areas with high carbon to maximize investment return. This study emphasizes that targets for services per unit area need to be set within the context of the national gradients reported here to ensure best use of limited resources.

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