SummaryTemperature changes during pressure-shift freezing (400 MPa) of potato cubes and its effects on the drip loss (weight and conductivity), texture (shear and compression tests), colour (L, a, b values), drying behaviour, rehydration properties (water uptake, texture after rehydration) and visible cell damage after thawing (micrographs) were investigated and compared with conventional freezing (0.1 MPa, -30 "C), subsequent frozen storage (-18 "C) or pressure treatment (400 MPa) at + 15 "C. Pressure-shift freezing resulted in increased crystallization rates compared to conventional freezing at -30 "C. Crystallization and cooling to -8 "C took 2.5 min during and after pressure release versus 17 min at atmospheric pressure. Drip loss was reduced from 12.0 to 10.8 g/100 g. Water uptake during 10 min of rehydration (93.9 g/100 g compared to 77.4 g/100 g and incomplete rehydration) and texture values were improved. Browning after thawing or after fluidized bed drying was reduced (increased a value, lower L value), suggesting partial enzyme inactivation during pressure treatment. Differences in colour and texture to the untreated controls were smaller after pressure-shift freezing than after conventional freezing. Cooling to -30 "C after pressure-shift freezing did not significantly affect the results, whereas subsequent frozen storage at -18 "C resulted in quality deterioration, as observed after frozen storage of conventionally frozen samples. The improved preservation of cell structure was demonstrated using scanning electron microscopy.
Die Fähigkeit von Chitosan, Säuren des Kaffees zu binden, und die Auswirkungen einer Chitosanbehandlung auf die Lagerstabilität von Kaffeegetränk, wurden untersucht. Die Chitosanbehandlung bewirkte eine Erhöhung des pH-Wertes und eine Verringerung des Säuregrads von Kaffeegetränk, während bei einer vergleichbaren Behandlung mit Chitin diese Effekte nicht auftraten. Weiterhin zeigte sich, daß der Rohstoff und die Herstellung des Chitosans die Säurebindungsfähigkeit beeinflußten, und daß das Ausmaß der pH-Wert-Erhöhung bzw. Säuregradverminderung von der Chitosankonzentration und der Aufgußstärke des Kaffeegetränks abhingen. Ein Einfluß des Deacetylierungsgrads des Chitosans auf die Säurebindungsfähigkeit konnte nicht nachgewiesen werden. Während eines Lagerversuchs kam es auch bei den Proben mit Chitosanbehandlung zu der charakteristischen Säurenneubildung, die Veränderung des pH-Werts und des Säuregrads des Kaffeegetränks wurde jedoch abgeschwächt. Studies of acid binding properties of chitosan in coffee beveragesAcid binding properties of chitosan in coffee beverages and the effects of chitosan treatment on the shelf life of coffee beverage were investigated. The chitosan treatment caused an increase of the pH and a decrease of the acid content of the coffee beverage. However, no characteristics could be observed for chitin. Also there was no proof of an influence of the degree of deacetylation regarding the acid binding properties of chitosan. On the other hand it could be shown that the raw material of the chitosan and its processing can affect the acid binding abilities and that the effect of the chitosan treatment on the coffee beverage depends on the concentration of the chitosan and the acid content of the beverage. During a storage test for four weeks it could be observed that the chitosan treatment did not prevent the increase of the acidity of the coffee beverage. However the change of the pH and the acid content of the beverage was diminished by the acid adsorption of the chitosan. Scheruhn et al.: Säurebindungseigenschaften von Chitosan Nahrung 43 (1999) Nr. 2, S. 100-104 ein Getränk mittlerer Stärke. Direkt nach der Herstellung wurden die Kaffeegetränke auf 20°C abgekühlt.
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