The total ionization cross sections of He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, H2, D2, N2, O2, CO, NO, CO2, N2O, and CH4 have been measured from threshold to 1000 eV in a total ionization tube. More limited measurements were performed in C2H4 and SF6. Great care was taken to assure complete collection of electron and ion currents, and the absence of spurious instrumental errors. A new method was devised for obtaining absolute cross sections of gases relative to H2, and a McLeod gauge was used to obtain the absolute cross section in H2. The cross sections in NO and O2 could not be obtained by this method, and an approximate correction to direct McLeod-gauge readings was used for these gases. It is believed that the results are as accurate as is possible with the present method. It is difficult to explain the differences found between cross sections measured by various investigators. McLeod-gauge errors appear to account for most of the difference in absolute magnitude.

Cross sections for dissociative ionization have been measured as a function of electron energy from threshold to 1000 eV in nine gases (H2, D2, N2, CO, NO, O2, CO2, N2O, and CH4) by collecting those ions reaching the ion collector after passing through a 0.25-V retarding potential in a total-ionization tube. Approximate correction is made for the effective solid angle subtended by the ion collector at the electron beam. The results are reported as the fraction of total ionization, and as absolute cross sections for dissociative ionization. At moderately high electron energies (>70 eV), the fraction of total ionization that is dissociated ions with kinetic energy in excess of 0.25 eV, ranges from ∼7% in H2 and D2 to ∼35% in N2O, with other gases intermediate.

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A semiclassical calculation of the probabilities of resonant and near-resonant vibrational energy interchange in molecular collisions is accomplished by means of a collision model similar to that used in vibrational—translational energy transfer. The results indicate that transition probabilities are of the order of ½ in resonant and near-resonant processes at room temperature.

The present research tested the effectiveness of adding an interpersonal, interactive, experiential training programme to addictions treatment that enhances motivation, cognitive-behavioural coping skills, social support, and group cohesiveness. The research was conducted in a co-educational, long-term residential treatment facility for addictive disorders (alcohol and other substances, sexual addiction, eating disorders, compulsive shopping, and gambling) and concomitant psychiatric diagnoses. The added training is co-created by participants. They choose challenging situations important in their lives that are played out as 'movies' in which they play and experience all the parts. Motivation for change, skills to implement positive changes, self-efficacy, empathy, positive support, and group cohesiveness are rooted in their own experiences and the feedback they receive from others, as they behave in empowering and disempowering ways. The training resulted in significant increases in empowering communication, self-esteem and quality of group life in the treatment group and in the family. Many of these results have large effect sizes and are consistent with the findings from prior studies. The results obtained in this study suggest that Say It Straight training can be an effective addition to the treatment of addictions in residential treatment. Future research is needed to determine the long-term effects of this training on relapse.