Laguna del Sauce, one of the main drinking water sources in Uruguay, is an eutrophic shallow lake with high temporal variation of inorganic turbidity caused by extreme wind events. During low turbidity periods, high phytoplankton biomass can be reached, frequently associated to cyanobacteria blooms, which can cause interferences in the water supply. In this study, we assessed the environmental drivers of cyanobacteria dominance, composition, and nitrogen-fixation behavior. For this, we analyzed the spatial and temporal phytoplankton composition, physical and chemical variables performing weekly samplings during two summers: 2015-2016 and 2016-2017. When inorganic turbidity was high (above 30 NTU), phytoplankton biomass was controlled, below this threshold, temperature, secchi depth and nutrients played key factors controlling cyanobacteria biomass and composition. Blooms of N 2 -fixing cyanobacteria (Dolichospermum crassum, Aphanizomenon gracile, and Cuspidothrix issatschenkoi) were promoted by low N:P ratios (average 11.5) and wide TN range (286-1300 lg l -1 ). Non-heterocystous cyanobacteria blooms occurred above TN
La eutrofización constituye uno de los principales problemas de los ecosistemas acuáticos continentales. Una de las consecuencias más conocidas de este proceso son las floraciones de algas y cianobacterias que interfieren en el adecuado funcionamiento de los ecosistemas acuáticos y en los servicios que estos brindan. En consecuencia, resulta relevante el desarrollo de estrategias de monitoreo que permitan conocer el funcionamiento de los sistemas para anticipar la evolución temporal del fitoplancton y sus efectos en la calidad del agua, de modo de aportar información trascendente en los procesos de toma decisión en diferentes escalas espacio-temporales. Este trabajo pretende contribuir a ese desarrollo, sistematizando la información hoy disponible en lo referente a monitoreo y análisis de los procesos subyacentes a la dinámica del fitoplancton en Laguna del Sauce (Maldonado, Uruguay). Se identifican los principales avances, dificultades y desafíos, enfatizando la necesidad de la integración de la información y de los procesos de análisis generados por diversas instituciones, así como el planteo de estrategias que promuevan la permanencia en el tiempo de estas prácticas. Palabras clave: Eutrofización, dinámica del fitoplancton, floraciones de cianobacterias, variabilidad espacio-temporal, análisis y sistematización de la información, procesos de toma de decisión.
Factores ambientales controladores del fitoplancton con énfasis en las cianobacterias potencialmente tóxicas en un lago somero utilizado como fuente de agua para potabilización: Laguna del Sauce, Maldonado, Uruguay Resumen Laguna del Sauce, principal fuente de agua para potabilización en Maldonado, Uruguay, ha registrado recurrentes eventos de floraciones de cianobacterias potencialmente tóxicas, que comprometen su uso como tal. Esto ha denotado la necesidad de un mayor conocimiento de los factores ambientales asociados a la composición fitoplanctónica y, en especial, a la ocurrencia de floraciones de cianobacterias. Mediante muestreos semanales estivales (2015-2016) de variables fisicoquímicas, nutrientes y fitoplancton, en seis sitios de Laguna del Sauce, se analizaron los factores ambientales asociados a la biomasa y composición fitoplanctónica, particularmente de cianobacterias. La alta variabilidad temporal y espacial observada en la composición fitoplanctónica presentó alternancia de floraciones de cianobacterias: Dolichospermum crassum, Cuspidothrix issatschenkoii, Microcystis aeruginosa, Microcystis panniformis y Sphaerocavum brasiliense. La turbiedad fue clave para regular la biomasa fitoplanctónica, mientras que la relación Nitrógeno total (NT):Ortofosfato (PO4) se asoció a la presencia diferencial de especies de cianobacterias. El análisis de las relaciones entre estos nutrientes puede contribuir a anticipar la ocurrencia de floraciones de diferentes especies de cianobacterias en este ecosistema, posibilitando la implementación de medidas de gestión orientadas a disminuir sus efectos adversos y, en particular, a asegurar el proceso de potabilización. Palabras clave: Floraciones nocivas, composición fitoplanctónica, biomonitoreo, aprovisionamiento de agua. AbstractSauce Lake, the main drinking water source in Maldonado, Uruguay, has been registering recurring events of potentially toxic cyanobacterial blooms that affect its service. This leads to the necessity of exploring the environmental drivers in the composition of phytoplankton, particularly in the presence of potentially toxic cyanobacteria. In this study we analyzed the environmental factors associated with phytoplankton composition and biomass, particularly of cyanobacteria. We sampled physicochemical variables, nutrients and phytoplankton during the summer 2015-2016 with a weekly frequency, in six sites of Sauce Lake. The results show a very high temporal and spatial variability in the phytoplankton composition, with cyanobacterial algal blooms of different taxa: Dolichospermum crassum, Cuspidothrix issatschenkoi, Microcystis aeruginosa, Microcystis panniformis y Sphaerocavum brasiliense. We observed that turbidity is a key factor controlling the total phytoplankton biomass, while the NT vs. PO4 concentrations determined the differential presence of potentially toxic cyanobacteria. The analysis of the relationship between these nutrients could contribute to anticipate different cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms in this ecosystem, enabling th...
Water quality models are useful tools to understand and mitigate eutrophication processes. However, gaining access to high-resolution data and fitting models to local conditions can interfere with their implementation. This paper analyzes whether it is possible to create a spatial model of nutrient water level at a local scale that is applicable in different geophysical and land-use conditions. The total nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations were modeled by integrating Geographical Information Systems, Remote Sensing, and Generalized Additive and Land-Use Changes Modeling. The research was based on two case studies, which included 204 drainage basins, with nutrient and limnological data collected during two seasons. The models performed well under local conditions, with small errors calculated from the independent samples. The recorded and predicted concentrations of nutrients indicated a significant risk of water eutrophication in both areas, showing the impact of agricultural intensification and population growth on water quality. The models are a contribution to the sustainable land-use planning process, which can help to prevent or promote land-use transformation and new practices in agricultural production and urban design. The ability to implement models using secondary information, which is easily collected at a low cost, is the most remarkable feature of this approach.
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