Optimal defence theory (ODT) predicts that, whereas high risk of herbivory should select for high constitutive levels of defence, induced defences should be more advantageous in environments with a low probability of herbivory. In the present field study, conducted on the Azteca-Cecropia ant-plant system in a Neotropical rainforest, we evaluated whether the constitutive and induced ant defence of leaves are directly and inversely related to an estimate of herbivory risk, respectively. To assess the constitutive level of Azteca defence in Cecropia obtusifolia trees, we recorded the number of ants patrolling undamaged leaves. To evaluate the induced level of Azteca defence, the same leaves were subjected to simulated herbivory by punching circular holes in them. We recorded the maximum number of ants patrolling the damaged leaves from 2 to 15 min after damage. Past herbivory (% defoliation of old leaves) was assumed to indicate a risk of herbivory.Regression analyses showed that, whereas the constitutive level of ant patrolling was positively associated with the magnitude of herbivory on old leaves, there was a negative association between the magnitude of induced ant defence and past herbivory. These preliminary results lend support to ODT.
The increase in outbreaks of Chagas disease in Colombia has required the strengthening of entomological surveillance with the active participation of the affected communities and the monitoring of the natural infection of the collected kissing bugs recollected inside households. The natural infection with Trypanosoma cruzi of triatomines collected by inhabitants of some municipalities of the department of Antioquia in 2019 was evaluated by molecular methods. This study described the intradomiciliary presence of Panstrongylus geniculatus (Latreille, 1811) in four cities of Antioquia: Barbosa, Liborina, Ituango, and Puerto Triunfo. This vector is reported for the first time in the municipalities Liborina, Barbosa, and Ituango. Furthermore, the natural infection with T. cruzi , DTUI, was reported in Barbosa and Liborina. The epidemiological implications of these findings are analyzed within the context of recent reports of outbreaks of Chagas disease in Antioquia.
Se presenta una guía basada en la evidencia para el diagnóstico de disfagia en niños. Se llevó a cabo una búsqueda de artículos indexados entre enero de 1996 y diciembre de 2007 en las bases de datos Medline, Lilacs y el registro Cochrane. Se hizo restricción por idioma a publicaciones en inglés y español y, por edad, solo se incluyó a la población pediátrica. Se complementó la exploración con artículos incluidos en la bibliografía de artículos primarios y citados en revisiones no sistemáticas. La estrategia de búsqueda produjo 605 artículos de los cuales se seleccionaron 58. El análisis de la validez de los artículos y el grado de recomendación se hicieron por consenso entre los investigadores. El desarrollo de la guía se basó en el instrumento AGREE (Appraisal of Guidelines Research and Evaluation) y en el modelo GRADE del Colegio Americano de Médicos del Tórax (Grading Strength of Recommendations and Quality of Evidence in Clinical Guidelines).El enfoque diagnóstico del niño con disfagia debe partir de la sospecha clínica. La anamnesis y el examen físico deben preceder a cualquier actividad diagnóstica. Se encontró que en niños con alta sospecha clínica de disfagia debe complementarse la evaluación clínica con la videofluoroscopia (Recomendación 1C), que es el estándar de oro para confirmar la presencia de aspiración o penetración de la vía aérea (Recomendación 1A). El ultrasonido es el método de elección en niños con disfagia asociada a anormalidades de la lengua. (Recomendación 1C). La electromiografía se puede utilizar como una prueba de tamizaje para niños mayores de cinco años con alteración de la musculatura facial (Recomendación 2B). La resonancia magnética nuclear es útil en pacientes con sospecha de lesiones cervicales que alteran la dinámica de la deglución (Recomendación 1C). Se concluye que los estudios diagnósticos disponibles tienen deficiencias metodológicas que no permiten hacer recomendaciones de mayor grado de validez.
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