Background. Rutin is a natural nutraceutical that is a promising compound for the prevention of UV-induced metabolic changes in skin cells. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of rutin on redox and endocannabinoid systems, as well as proinflammatory and proapoptotic processes, in UV-irradiated fibroblasts. Methods. Fibroblasts exposed to UVA and UVB radiation were treated with rutin. The activities and levels of oxidants/antioxidants and endocannabinoid system components, as well as lipid, DNA, and protein oxidation products, and the proinflammatory and pro/antiapoptotic proteins expression were measured. Results. Rutin reduced UV-induced proinflammatory response and ROS generation and enhanced the activity/levels of antioxidants (SOD, GSH-Px, vitamin E, GSH, and Trx). Rutin also normalized UV-induced Nrf2 expression. Its biological activity prevented changes in the levels of the lipid mediators: MDA, 4-HNE, and endocannabinoids, as well as the endocannabinoid receptors CB1/2, VR1, and GPR55 expression. Furthermore, rutin prevented the protein modifications (tyrosine derivatives formation in particular) and decreased the levels of the proapoptotic markers—caspase-3 and cytochrome c. Conclusion. Rutin prevents UV-induced inflammation and redox imbalance at protein and transcriptional level which favors lipid, protein, and DNA protection. In consequence rutin regulates endocannabinoid system and apoptotic balance.

Background. UVA irradiation is one of the most ubiquitous and penetrating environmental stress factor to human skin and it is crucially involved in various forms of skin damages including the photoaging and development of cancer. Mentioned skin damages are connected mainly with imbalance in redox status and consequently with cellular metabolic disturbances including changes in phospholipid mediators, including lipid peroxidation products and endocannabinoids that effect different fibroblasts functions. To prevent the changes in redox status and its consequences in skin cells many natural antioxidants which reduce the amount of ROS, resulted from UV radiation in particular, in the cells thereby protecting them from their toxic effects are used. One of them is well known plant-derived polyphenol -rutin (quercetin-3-rutinoside). Therefore, the aim of the study was to exam the effect of rutin on redox balance and lipid mediators after UVA irradiation of skin fibroblasts Methods. Fibroblasts were subjected to UVA [30 J/cm 2 ] and were treated and pretreated with

Background. UVA is one of the most ubiquitous and penetrating stress factor to human skin and it is crucially involved in various forms of skin damages including the photoaging and cancerogenesis. Mentioned skin damages are connected with redox status imbalance and consequently with cellular metabolic disturbances (changes in phospholipid mediators, including lipid peroxidation products and endocannabinoids). To prevent the redox status changes in skin cells many natural antioxidants which reduce the amount of ROS, resulted from UV in particular, in the cells thereby protecting them from their toxic effects are used. One of them is well known plant-derived polyphenol – rutin. Therefore, the aim of the study was to exam the effect of rutin on redox balance and lipid mediators after UVA irradiation of skin fibroblasts. Methods. Fibroblasts were subjected to UVA [30 J/cm2] and were treated and pretreated with – rutin [25μM]. The redox status was estimated by xanthine and NADPH oxidases activity and ROS generation (ESR/spectrophotometry), enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants (HPLC, spectrophotometry), and lipid mediators: lipid peroxidation products (LCMS; GC/MS) and endocannabinoids (LC/MS) were examined. The cannabinoids receptors, transcriptional factor Nrf2 and its activators/inhibitors, as well as pro-inflammatory, pro- and anti-apoptotic protein levels were also measured (Western blot). Results. Obtained results demonstrate that rutin significantly reduced UVA-induced xanthine and NADPH oxidase activity what was accompanied by changes in ROS generation. Rutin also enhanced antioxidants activity [SOD] and non-enzymatic antioxidant level [GSH, vitamin E and C], which decreased due to UVA exposure. It was shown that UVA-induced Nrf2 activity has been reduced by rutin. Simultaneously, rutin led to increase in Nrf2 inhibitor Bach2 in UVA irradiated cells. It was shown that UVA caused significant decrease in linoleic and arachidonic acids levels and in consequence a strong increase in lipid peroxidation products - MDA and 4-HNE level were observed. Also another lipid mediators – endocannabinoids level was changed during UV irradiation. The significantly reduced level of cytosolic AEA and 2-AG and accompanied higher expression in the level of their receptors CB1, CB2, VR1 and GPR55 were demonstrated. Rutin given after irradiation prevented the most changes caused by UV irradiation. Rutin also protect cells against inflammatory effect after UV irradiation, and decrease apoptotic fibroblasts activity, confirmed by increase in Bcl-2, and decrease in caspases levels. Discussion. Obtained results show that rutin efficiently prevents oxidative stress and inflammatory response formation as well as changes in phospholipid metabolism including endocannabinoids and lipid peroxidation products level, what may be important point to search the skin protecting method against harmful ultraviolet radiation.