a Objectives 1. To assess the reproducibility of an electronic ultrasonographic technique for the measurement of urethral angulation; 2. to test the ability of measurement of the urethral angle and bladder neck mobility to predict genuine stress incontinence; 3. to compare ultrasound variables in stress incontinent women and in controls. Design Case -control study.Population Twenty-three incontinent women and 50 controls.Methods Electronic measurements of the distance between the bladder neck and the symphysis pubis, the bladder neck and the symphysis pubis line and the midline of the symphysis (alpha angle) and the angle between the proximal and distal urethra (beta angle) by means of perineal ultrasonography with a comfortably full bladder at rest, during the Valsalva manoeuvre and during maximal pelvic floor contraction. The same procedure was performed by a second investigator. Repeatability was evaluated by the technique described by Bland and Altman. Statistical analysis was performed using Student's t test and the two-tailed paired t test. Main outcome measures To test the possible role of the urethral angle in maintaining female continence.Results Ultrasound analysis showed good repeatability between the two observers and is not influenced by vesical volume. Beta angle and urethrovesical mobility are inversely proportional, both in continent and in incontinent women. Urethral angle identifies genuine stress incontinence better than urethrovesical mobility (sensitivity 96% vs 87%; specificity 92% vs 68%; positive predictive value 85% vs 55%). There are significant differences in all ultrasound variables between incontinent women and continent controls. Conclusions This study suggests a significant role of the urethral angle in maintaining female continence (in incontinent women it is lower at rest and lowers with straining). Measurement of the urethral angle can provide useful additional information to that provided by ultrasound evaluation of bladder neck mobility.

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RESUMO: o estudo teve como objetivo buscar evidências na literatura acerca da inclusão de crianças com Síndrome de Down na rede regular de ensino. Elaboraram-se revisão da literatura e busca dos artigos nas bases de dados PubMed e PsycINFO, utilizando as palavras-chave Down syndrome, schools, mainstreaming (education), education, infant, newborn, adolescent, child e preschool, no período de 1994 a 2007. Selecionaramse oito artigos e sua análise permitiu a identificação do tema: experiências e recomendações para a inclusão. Os dados desta revisão, em sua maioria provenientes de relatos de experiências, indicaram que os fatores que colaboraram ou dificultaram o processo de inclusão da criança com síndrome de Down na rede regular de ensino relacionaram-se à escola, aos pais e ao professor. Os resultados deste estudo oferecem possibilidades para melhorar o processo de inclusão, apresentam os desafios e ainda apontam a necessidade do desenvolvimento de novas pesquisas, cujos resultados possam ser aplicados na prática. PALAVRAS-CHAVE:Síndrome de Down; inclusão educacional; aluno com necessidades especiais; família; educação especial.ABSTRACT: this study aimed to look for evidence in the literature about the inclusion of children with Down syndrome into the regular education system. A review of the literature was undertaken, looking for articles in PubMed and PsycINFO, using the keywords Down syndrome, schools, mainstreaming (education), education, infant, newborn, adolescent, child, and preschool, between 1994 and 2007. Eight articles were selected. The analysis of the articles enabled us to identify the following theme: experiences and recommendations for inclusion. Data from this review, which mostly resulted from experience reports, indicated that the factors that either collaborated with or made the inclusion process of the child with Down syndrome into the regular education network more difficult were related to the school itself, the parents and the teacher. The results of this study offer possibilities for improving the inclusion process, while also presenting the challenges and indicating the need for further research, the results of which have practical applications.

External causes are important factors of infant morbimortality and permanent impairments around the world. This quantitative, descriptive and cross-sectional study aimed to characterize emergency care for children and adolescents, aged from zero to 19 years old, victims of external causes of morbimortality in a university hospital in the countryside of São Paulo, Brazil, between the years of 2000 and 2006. By the end of the study, researchers found 6302 emergency attendances and most of the reported cases occurred among 15 to 19-year-old males adolescents, between Saturday and Monday, and from 7 to 12 pm. The main diagnoses of external causes were transport accidents, followed by assault. As a conclusion, it was found that the nurses' role in caring for patients who are recovering from accidents, violence and aggression is of fundamental importance for the families and community. It is essential in order to contribute to the planning and development of preventive and assisting actions.