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The pathogenic mechanisms of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced lung injury have not been classified. This study examined the physiological changes after endotoxin inhalation and related those to features of pulmonary inflammation in mice.Pulmonary mechanics, histopathology, and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) from BALB/c mice were analysed at different occasions (3, 24, 48 and 72 h) after inhalation of saline or LPS from Excherichia coli (0.3 (L0.3) or 10 mg . mL -1 (L10)). Mice were sedated, anaesthetized, and ventilated. After chest wall resection static (Est) and dynamic (Edyn) elastances, DE (Edyn-Est), resistive (DP1) and viscoelastic/ inhomogeneous pressures (DP2), and DP1+DP2 (DPtot) were obtained by end-inflation occlusion method. Lungs were prepared for histopathology. In parallel groups, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-a, neutrophils, and protein were evaluated in the BALF.L0.3 and L10 showed a time-dependent production of TNF-a preceding a massive neutrophil infiltration. In L10 BALF there was an increase in protein level at 24 and 48 h. Est and Edyn increased early in L0.3 (65%, 63%) and L10 (41%, 51%). In L10 DE, DP2, and DPtot showed a gradual rise. At 72 h all groups were similar. L0.3 showed an early increase in cellularity, which returned to normal at 72 h. L10 presented the same pattern with the cell count remaining elevated until 72 h.In conclusion, lipopolysaccharide inhalation led to elastic and viscoelastic pulmonary changes together with tumour necrosis factor-a production and neutrophil infiltration in mouse lung. Eur Respir J 2000; 15: 85±91.

No abstract

OBJETIVOS: avaliar, através da seleção e análise criteriosa de artigos, os efeitos das intervenções voltadas para a promoção do desempenho de atividades de vida diária, utilizadas por terapeutas ocupacionais, em crianças com paralisia cerebral. MÉTODOS: a busca na literatura foi realizada nas bases eletrônicas: Ovid, Medline, CINAHL e Lilacs, incluindo artigos publicados entre janeiro de 2001 e maio de 2006, nos idiomas inglês e português, utilizando os seguintes descritores: "terapia ocupacional", "paralisia cerebral" e "criança". Foram selecionados quatro estudos, seguindo critérios de inclusão pré-definidos, avaliados quanto à qualidade metodológica com a escala OTSeeker. RESULTADOS: a análise da qualidade metodológica dos estudos selecionados revelaram pontuações de magnitudes baixa à moderada na escala OTSeeker. Foram encontradas diferenças quanto ao tipo de intervenção utilizada para a promoção das atividades de vida diária, bem como dos desfechos investigados. CONCLUSÕES: a análise crítica dos artigos sugere que o contexto no qual a criança com paralisia cerebral está inserida parece ser um fator importante no seu desempenho funcional. A avaliação sistemática da literatura sobre os efeitos de intervenções de Terapia Ocupacional na promoção de atividades de vida diária em crianças com paralisia cerebral poderá contribuir para uma prática baseada em evidências, entre esses profissionais.

Background: Gross motor development curves for children with Cerebral Palsy (CP), grouped by Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) levels, help health care professionals and parents to understand children's motor function prognosis. Although these curves are widely used in Brazil to guide clinical decision-making, they were developed with Canadian children with CP. Little is known about how these patterns evolve in children and adolescents with CP in low-income countries like Brazil. The PARTICIPA BRAZIL aims to: (i) to identify and draw a profile of functioning and disability of Brazilian children and adolescents with CP by classifying them, for descriptive purposes, with all five valid and reliable functional classifications systems (gross motor function, manual ability, communication function, visual and eating and drinking abilities); (ii) to create longitudinal trajectories capturing the mobility capacity of Brazilian children and adolescents with CP for each level of the GMFCS; (iii) to document longitudinal trajectories in the performance of activities and participation of Brazilian children and adolescents with CP across two functional classification systems: GMFCS and MACS (Manual Abilities Classification System); (iv) to document longitudinal trajectories of neuromusculoskeletal and movement-related functions and exercise tolerance functions of Brazilian children and adolescents with CP for each level of the GMFCS; and (v) to explore interrelationships among all ICF framework components and the five functional classification systems in Brazilian children and adolescents with CP. Methods: We propose a multi-center, longitudinal, prospective cohort study with 750 Brazilian children and adolescents with CP from across the country. Participants will be classified according to five functional classification systems. Contextual factors, activity and participation, and body functions will be evaluated longitudinally and prospectively for four years. Nonlinear mixed-effects models for each of the five GMFCS and MACS levels will be created using test scores over time to create prognosis curves. To explore the interrelationships among ICF components, a multiple linear regression will be performed.