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The significant development of the fibers' manufacturing processes favors the emergence of new solutions in the preparation of the bioactive implantable materials. Thus, the properly designed manufacturing processes, as well as properly controlled process parameters enable controlling properties of the final composite material. This paper presents the investigation of the effect of the initial manufacturing parameters on the structure and properties of the precursor polyacrylonitrile fibers containing two types of bioglass. By using a bioactive silicate modifier during the fibers spinning process, carbon biomaterials with modified properties can be obtained. Therefore, the incorporation of modifiers containing calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) into the carbon fibers matrix could contribute to the increase of its compatibility with the surrounding bone tissue. The significant part of the investigation concerned the application of the drawing distribution during the fibers spinning process. It is already known that the proper value of the total draw parameter allows obtaining fibers that are characterized by optimal specific strength values. The resulting fibers have strength of 34–46 cN/tex and elongation at break of 9–14%; which supports its processing into nonwovens for further carbonization processes. Furthermore, the porous and macroscopic structure in relation to the sorption properties of the obtained fibers has been investigated.