Background Loneliness and social isolation have comparable health effects to widely acknowledged and established risk factors. Although old people are particularly affected, the effectiveness of interventions to prevent and/or mitigate social isolation and loneliness in the community-dwelling older adults is unclear. The aim of this review of reviews was to pool the findings of systematic reviews (SRs) addressing the question of effectiveness. Methods Ovid MEDLINE®, Health Evidence, Epistemonikos and Global Health (EBSCO) were searched from January 2017 to November 2021. Two reviewers independently assessed each SR in two consecutive steps based on previously defined eligibility criteria and appraised the methodological quality using a measurement tool to assess SRs 2, AMSTAR 2. One author extracted data from both SRs and eligible studies; another checked this. We conducted meta-analyses to pool the study results. We report the results of the random-effects and common-effect models. Results We identified five SRs containing a total of 30 eligible studies, 16 with a low or moderate risk of bias. Our random-effects meta-analysis indicates an overall SMD effect of 0.63 [95% confidence interval (CI): −0.10 to 1.36] for loneliness and was unable to detect an overall effect of the interventions on social support [SMD: 0.00; 95% CI: −0.11 to 0.12]. Discussion The results show interventions can potentially reduce loneliness in the non-institutionalized, community-dwelling and older population living at home. As confidence in the evidence is low, rigorous evaluation is recommended. Registration International Prospective Register of SRs (PROSPERO): Registration number: CRD42021255625

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Background Loneliness and social isolation have comparable health effects to widely acknowledged and established risk factors. Although the elderly are particularly affected, the effectiveness of interventions to prevent and/or mitigate social isolation and loneliness in the community-dwelling elderly is unclear. The aim of this review of reviews was to pool the findings of systematic reviews addressing the question of effectiveness. Methods Ovid MEDLINE®, Health Evidence, Epistemonikos and Global Health (EBSCO) were searched from January 2017 to November 2021. Two reviewers independently assessed each systematic review in two consecutive steps based on previously defined eligibility criteria and appraised the methodological quality using AMSTAR 2. One author extracted data from both systematic reviews and eligible studies; another checked this. We conducted meta-analyses to pool the study results. We report the results of the random-effects and common-effect models. Results We identified 5 systematic reviews containing a total of 30 eligible studies, 16 with a low or moderate risk of bias. Our random-effects meta-analysis indicates an overall SMD effect of 0.63 [95% CI: -0.10; 1.36] for loneliness and was unable to detect an overall effect of the interventions on social support [SMD: 0.00; 95% CI: -0.11; 0.12]. Discussion The results show interventions can potentially reduce loneliness in the non-institutionalised, community-dwelling elderly population living at home. As confidence in the evidence is low, rigorous evaluation is recommended. Key messages • The meta-analysis indicates that psychosocial interventions have the potential to reduce loneliness in the community-dwelling elderly population. • As confidence in the evidence is low, healthcare providers should only implement interventions that are, firstly, based on a sound theory of change and, secondly, subject to rigorous evaluation.

Wie kommunale Gesundheitsförderung funktionieren kann D er soziale Kontext und die Umgebung von Menschen beein ussen ihre Gesundheit wesentlich. Aus diesem Grund sind gesundheitsfördernde Maßnahmen auf lokaler Ebene vielversprechend. Seit 1995 gibt es in Niederösterreich das Programm "Gesunde Gemeinde" für niederschwellige gesundheitsfördernde Angebote. 2018 startete zudem die "Regionale Gesundheitskoordination". In einem Lehrgang werden Interessierte zu RGK ausgebildet. Ziel ist, Gesundheitsförderung nachhaltig in niederösterreichischen Gemeinden zu verankern 1 .