This work sought to study the elimination of NVP from simulated wastewater using the UV/TiO 2 /H 2 O 2 system. The main objectives were to evaluate the in uence of operating parameters, reaction kinetics, contributing reactive species, degradation pathway, and catalyst reusability. The research surface methodology (RSM) was utilized for optimizing process variables and for statistical analysis. Five process variables (pH, NVP concentration, TiO 2 dosage, H 2 O 2 concentration, and irradiation time) were optimized with the responses set as NVP and Total organic carbon (TOC) removals (%), respectively. 89.23% (NVP) and 85.71% (TOC) removals were achieved under optimum conditions. All the experimental factors were signi cant for NVP removal. pH was the most dominant factor, with the highest removals obtained under acidic conditions (pH 3). NVP removal conformed to the pseudo-rst-order model with a rate constant (k 1 ) of 0.03676 min -1 . Increasing pH reduced the rate constant by 75.38%, while there was an increase of 43.55% with H 2 O 2 . NVP degradation was largely driven by the • OH and h +VB . The photocatalyst demonstrated good stability against NVP loss over four cycles. Although the UV/TiO 2 /H 2 O 2 process has shown promising results in the removal of pharmaceuticals and dyes in wastewater, its application for the degradation of ARVs remains limited. As far as the authors know, the UV/TiO 2 /H 2 O 2 process and RSM have not yet been reported for the degradation and optimization of NVP in wastewater, respectively. The ndings of this work illustrate that the UV/TiO 2 /H 2 O 2 system, applied with RSM can effectively degrade and mineralize NVP in wastewater. Article Highlights89.23%, Nevirapine and 85.71%, TOC removals were achieved using the UV/TiO 2 /H 2 O 2 process combined with RSM.The degradation process was favorable under acidic pH Nevirapine removal resembled pseudo-rst-order kinetics

This work sought to study the elimination of NVP from simulated wastewater using the UV/TiO2/H2O2 system. The main objectives were to evaluate the influence of operating parameters, reaction kinetics, contributing reactive species, degradation pathway, and catalyst reusability. The research surface methodology (RSM) was utilized for optimizing process variables and for statistical analysis. Five process variables (pH, NVP concentration, TiO2 dosage, H2O2 concentration, and irradiation time) were optimized with the responses set as NVP and Total organic carbon (TOC) removals (%), respectively. 89.23% (NVP) and 85.71% (TOC) removals were achieved under optimum conditions. All the experimental factors were significant for NVP removal. pH was the most dominant factor, with the highest removals obtained under acidic conditions (pH 3). NVP removal conformed to the pseudo-first-order model with a rate constant (k1) of 0.03676 min-1. Increasing pH reduced the rate constant by 75.38%, while there was an increase of 43.55% with H2O2. NVP degradation was largely driven by the •OH and h+VB. The photocatalyst demonstrated good stability against NVP loss over four cycles. Although the UV/TiO2/H2O2 process has shown promising results in the removal of pharmaceuticals and dyes in wastewater, its application for the degradation of ARVs remains limited. As far as the authors know, the UV/TiO2/H2O2 process and RSM have not yet been reported for the degradation and optimization of NVP in wastewater, respectively. The findings of this work illustrate that the UV/TiO2/H2O2 system, applied with RSM can effectively degrade and mineralize NVP in wastewater.

This study was aimed at investigating the removal of antiretroviral (ARV) drug residues of emtricitabine (FTC), lamivudine (LVD), and Tenofovir (TFV) from water using the UV/TiO2/H2O2 hybrid system. Evaluations of operational factors, degradation kinetics, scavenger effects, degradation pathways, and reusability of the catalyst were the key objectives of the study. The central composite design (CCD) of the response surface methodology (RSM) was used for statistical analysis and process optimization. Five variables (pH, pollutant concentration, TiO2 loading, H2O2 dosage and time) were optimized. The removal realized was 92.56% (FTC), 91.67% (LVD), and 94.83% (TFV) respectively under optimum conditions. The degradations obeyed the pseudo-first-order model with the rate constant (k1) of 0.10773 min− 1 (FTC), 0.0513 min− 1 (TFV,) and 0.04756 min− 1 (LVD). pH and H2O2 had positive influence on pollutant removals up to optimum conditions. The •OH and h+ were the major contributors to pollutant degradations. The degradation of target compounds in water has not yet been reported using the UV/TiO2/H2O2, as far as the authors are aware. Moreover, the reaction kinetics and degradation pathway of FTC and TFV have not yet been studied. The research shows that the UV/TiO2/H2O2 hybrid system may provide an alternative treatment method for the ARVs in water.

Moringa Oleifera (MO) seed extract was used as an antimicrobial agent and a biosorbent to remove heavy metals from acidic mineral effluents. Biosorption experiments were conducted in a thermostatic shaker using synthetic acidic mineral effluent(SAME) of composition, 20 ppm, 20 ppm, 100 ppm, and 500 ppm for Ni, Cu, Mn, and Fe, respectively. The Quanti-tray and SimPlate standard procedures were used for the antimicrobial tests. The aqueous seed extract achieved microbial reductions of 100% total coliform and 90.5% Heterotrophic Plate Count (HPC). Ni and Cu were the most removed metals and optimum sorption conditions achieved were pH = 3, Temperature = 308 K, solid loading = 10% m/v, and residence time = 90 minutes. The biosorption process was endothermic for all the metals but only feasible and spontaneous for Cu and Ni. The Langmuir model and second-order kinetics best fit the adsorption process for Ni, Cu, and Fe, while ion-exchange/ chemisorption was the possible mechanism of adsorption. Overall, MO seed extract was an effective antimicrobial agent and bio-sorbent for Ni, Cu, and Fe removal in acidic mineral effluent. The use of MO in acidic medium is a novel technique.