Background: Creativity should be a key issue in mathematics learning. However, mathematics class rarely provides opportunities for students to experience it. Problem solving and posing can play a leading role in promoting creative thinking in mathematics. Objectives: This study aims to have an insight into 6 th -graders understanding of problem solving and posing, analyse their solving strategies, their ability to pose problems, and their difficulties when doing so. Design: Qualitative methods were used in a case study approach. An intervention of five sessions comprising five problem-solving and four problem-posing tasks was implemented in mathematics class. Setting and Participants: Participants were thirty 6 th -graders (11-12-year-olds) from a public supported school in Braga (Portugal). Data collection and analysis: Data collection used photographs, audio recordings, students' written productions, and researcher field notes. Results: Students conceptualised strategies such as building schemas and tables, solving from the end to the beginning, making attempts, and reducing to a simpler problem. Students faced problem posing positively, creating problems adjusted to the requirements, with a wide variety of creative contexts. Students' difficulties in problem solving rely on the interpretation of statements, recognition of previous similar problems, and mathematical communication; on problem posing, difficulties regarding the complexity of the formulated problems and a weak diversity of problems were identified. Conclusions: Problem solving and posing tasks can promote mathematical creativity and knowledge, therefore should be used more often in mathematics class, allowing the construction of solid mathematical skills and enthusiasm.
Resumo Este estudo procura perceber como os alunos compreendem a resolução de problemas, identificando as suas estratégias de resolução. Procura dar resposta às seguintes questões: Quais as estratégias utilizadas pelos alunos para a resolução de problemas? Como podem ser promovidas competências de resolução de problemas? Que dificuldades manifestam os alunos na resolução de problemas? Participa no estudo uma turma do 1º ano de escolaridade, com idades dos 6 aos 7 anos (n=22), de Braga, Portugal. Recorreu-se a uma metodologia qualitativa de estudo de caso, em contexto de aula de matemática, tendo-se aplicado 10 tarefas de resolução de problemas. Os resultados sugerem que os alunos, ao longo do estudo, se sentiram confortáveis com estratégias como construção de esquemas e tabelas, resolução do fim para o princípio, tentativa com indução, identificação de padrões, entre outras. No que se refere à promoção de competências no âmbito da resolução de problemas, destaca-se a importância do envolvimento ativo dos alunos na descoberta de procedimentos e estratégias, realçando o papel do professor como mediador de aprendizagens e promotor de tarefas que favoreçam o aparecimento de estratégias matematicamente relevantes. Também é relevante o papel da criatividade e da comunicação matemática nesse processo. Foram identificadas dificuldades na resolução de problemas no que se refere à interpretação de enunciados, ao contato prévio com problemas semelhantes, no planejamento, organização e simplificação de processos e na resolução de operações aritméticas.
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