The potential of energy behaviours in a smart(er) grid: Policy implications from a Portuguese exploratory study AbstractThe transition to smart grids is an on-going process that may both shape and be shaped by end-users' energy behavioural adaptations. This study explores current and potential energy behavioural adaptations in Portugal during the smart grid transition process. A web-based survey was made to a representative sample of a specific segment of Portuguese residential end-users. The survey evaluated current energy behaviours and hypothetical future behaviours in a dynamic pricing scenario.Results show this population segment has a positive predisposition towards smart technologies and demand shifting, but it is less likely to accept load control and switch to the liberalised energy market.Factors influencing the behavioural potential are mostly related with market regulation, households' practices and usage behaviours, interference with the private domain, information and technical aspects, and social values. To facilitate behavioural adaptations several strategies are recommended, such as improving the energy market regulation, assessing households' behaviours, prioritising actions already embedded in households daily routines, not interfering with their activities and ensure an override option, and improving energy services, trust and information provided to end-users. The conclusions of the present study are of utmost importance for the design of more effective demand response programmes and energy policies.

Gastrointestinal lipomas are benign, non-epithelial, slowly growing tumors. The majority are located in the colon (60-75%), followed by the small bowel (20-25%). Gastric lipomas (GLs) are rare and usually located in the antrum (1,2). Case reportWe report the case of a 44-year-old man that was admitted to the emergency department with a history of tiredness and intermittent melena for the previous month. He denied abdominal pain, dyspeptic symptoms, and anorexia or weight loss; there was no intake of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Past medical history was significant for arterial hypertension, obesity and sleep apnea syndrome. An esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) performed 5 years earlier was described as normal. Physical examination was unremarkable, except for pallor and obesity (body mass index 34 kg/m 2 ). Laboratory tests showed a decreased hemoglobin (7,8 g/dL); the remaining blood cell count and chemistry profile were within normal limits. Emergency EGD revealed a subepithelial mass at the gastric fundus, approximately 4 cm in diameter, with a central ulceration where a yellowish tissue suggestive of fat was protruding ( Fig. 1) -a lipoma or liposarcoma was suspected. An endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) was performed, showing a hyperechoic mass within the submucosal layer, mildly heterogeneous at the luminal border (Fig. 2). A computerized tomography (CT) was also performed which revealed a homogeneous mass with fat density in the gastric fundus, with well demarcated margins, with a notch on the side facing the lumen (corresponding to the ulceration saw at EGD); no secondary lesions were present (Fig. 3). The patient was submitted to partial gastric resection (Fig. 4) and was discharged 10 days after the procedure; no incidents were reported. Histological examination confirmed the diagnosis of submucosal lipoma and ulceration of the overlying mucosa (Fig. 5).

In the economic and social aftermath of the 2008 crisis there has been an important and growing new wave of highly qualified Portuguese emigration comprising scientists. No or very few public policies have been designed to reverse this phenomenon, risking the consequences of brain drain. International literature argues that professional reasons are central to scientists’ decision to migrate, even after the 2008 crisis. Spending some time in a foreign country to study, research, or teach, is perceived as a common step in an individual academic trajectory and an advantage for a successful professional career in academia. It is also encouraged by European Union policies. Twelve individual portraits of Portuguese scientists living in central Europe reveal how important other factors are to the migration decision‐making process. These factors include the economic crisis, student mobility programmes, and the current Portuguese scientific system revision.

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The efforts made by most countries to accelerate economic development have included a significant investment in education. It has been argued that investment in education, particularly higher education, was itself a potential factor in economic development. Education has become a relatively easy means of improving access to the labour market. However, in Portugal, the recent trend has been reversed, and the country now faces a growing number of university graduates in several fields of education and training that do not have a job based on their formal qualifications. Despite the differences of unemployment by area of education and training, unemployment of the young skilled has been a problem in recent years. Therefore, following this unemployment trend, there has been growing the exodus of highly skilled professionals from the Portuguese economy, leaving it with a reduced supply of skilled people. This article discusses the employability of graduates from several academic areas and discusses the educational and economic policies that generate a real brain drain.