Introduction The number of "case studies" reported in the manufacturing strategy process literature does not match the increased importance of the theme. Moreover, the authors in the field generally prescribe what to do but do not always delve into details on how to do it. There are, however, some authors whose work can help in the difficult task of developing a manufacturing strategy in real situations. Two examples are the worksheets developed by Platts and Gregory[1], which are interesting tools for helping define the priorities for manufacturing, and the importance-performance matrix proposed by Slack[2], which is both simple to use and effective in giving managers a clear idea of what performance aspect needs urgent action in manufacturing. However, some important aspects of the manufacturing strategy development process still lack proper operationalization methods. The proactivity of the manufacturing function is an example. Proactivity, particularly in turbulent environments, is not something that can simply give companies an edge. It is sometimes the only way to survive. In fact, manufacturing proactivity is prescribed by a number of authors (Hayes and Wheelwright[3] is the most eloquent example) but few of them actually prescribe how the function should be organized and managed to achieve it. Breaking functional barriers is a second example. In turbulent environments, where change is not an exception but the rule, inter-functional communication becomes essential in order to allow for rapid responses to frequent and sudden changes. The authors in the literature generally agree that for an effective manufacturing strategy to be put into practice it is necessary that functional barriers are broken down. Much of the re-engineering discussion gravitates around this aspect. However, few authors in the field of manufacturing strategy deal specifically with methods to operationalize ways to break down or at least reduce the negative effects of the inter-functional barriers. The case and propositions described here aim to contribute to manufacturing strategy process research by reporting one experience of a manufacturing strategy development in a turbulent business environment, specifically addressing aspects such as manufacturing proactivity and inter-functional The authors wish to thank the anonymous referees who reviewed the first versions of this article for their valuable contributions, and Miss Iara Pfeiffer for help with the manuscript.
RESUMOO artigo traz um estudo qualitativo dos processos organizacionais que deram suporte à transferência de conhecimento para uma nova fábrica, detalhando os maiores desafios que a organização teve de enfrentar durante seu primeiro ano de operações. Apesar do sucesso obtido na transferência de conhecimento individual para cada área em separado, a empresa enfrentou muitos desafios em sua aplicação, uma vez que não tinha desenvolvido o conhecimento arquitetural -relativo à junção e aplicação das várias bases individuais de conhecimento. Conhecimento este que teve de ser desenvolvido localmente por meio de mecanismos de experiência, negociação e sensemaking. O estudo ressalta a importância do conhecimento arquitetural, uma dimensão até agora não considerada nos estudos de transferência de conhecimento. PALAVRAS-CHAVE Transferência de conhecimento, aprendizado, América Latina, rotinas organizacionais, competências organizacionais. Paulo Prochno
R R R R RESUMO ESUMO ESUMO ESUMO ESUMOCurvas de aprendizado têm sido estudadas há bastante tempo. Esses estudos suportam fortemente a hipótese que, conforme as organizações produzem mais de um determinado produto, os custos unitários de produção caem numa taxa decrescente (veja Argote, 1999 para uma ampla revisão de estudos em curvas de aprendizado). Mas os mecanismos organizacionais que levam a esses resultados ainda não foram suficientemente explorados. Sabemos quais são alguns fatores causadores das curvas de aprendizado (ADLER; CLARK, 1991;LAPRE et al., 2000), mas ainda não sabemos muito sobre os detalhes dos processos organizacionais por trás dessas curvas. Através de um estudo etnográfico, eu trago um relato abrangente do primeiro ano de operações de uma nova fábrica de automóveis, descrevendo o que acontecia na área de montagem durante as mudanças mais relevantes na curva de aprendizado. A ênfase é portanto em como o aprendizado ocorreu nessa fábrica. Minha análise sugere que a curva geral de aprendizado é na verdade o resultado de um processo de integração que juntou várias curvas de aprendizado que aconteciam individualmente em diferentes áreas da organização. Ao final, proponho um modelo para entender a evolução dos processos de aprendizado e os mecanismos organizacionais que deram suporte a esses processos. Palavras-chave: curvas de aprendizado; desenvolvimento de conhecimento; novos empreendimentos. A A A A ABSTRACT BSTRACT BSTRACT BSTRACT BSTRACTLearning curves have been studied for a long time. These studies provided strong support to the hypothesis that, as organizations produce more of a product, unit costs of production decrease at a decreasing rate (see Argote, 1999 for a comprehensive review of learning curve studies). But the organizational mechanisms that lead to these results are still underexplored. We know some drivers of learning curves (ADLER; CLARK, 1991;LAPRE et al., 2000), but we still lack a more detailed view of the organizational processes behind those curves. Through an ethnographic study, I bring a comprehensive account of the first year of operations of a new automotive plant, describing what was taking place on in the assembly area during the most relevant shifts of the learning curve. The emphasis is then on how learning occurs in that setting. My analysis suggests that the overall learning curve is in fact the result of an integration process that puts together several individual ongoing learning curves in different areas throughout the organization. In the end, I propose a model to understand the evolution of these learning processes and their supporting organizational mechanisms.
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