-Background: Attention deficit may be related to sleep disorders in Chiari malformation type II (CMII). Our aim is identify sleep disorders and their specific contribution in attention deficit. Method: We selected 24 patients with CM II and 24 without CM II. DSM-IV criteria and a neuropsychological analysis were applied in all. All patients underwent full night polysomnography. Results: 14 CM II patients presented sleep apnea syndrome, REM sleep behavior disorder and periodic limb movement in sleep; six patients without CM II presented sleep apnea syndrome. Among these patients, 12 (six with CM II and six without CM II) presented attention deficit related to the sleep disorders. Conclusion: Sleep disorders may impair cognitive functions, as attention, and contribute to poor quality of learning also in patients with CM II.KEy WORDS: polysomnography, REM sleep behavior disorder, apnea, cognition, attention deficit disorder. Distúrbios do sono: possível causa de déficit de atenção em crianças e adolescentes com malformação de Chiari tipo IIResumo -Introdução: Déficits de atenção podem estar relacionados a distúrbios do sono em indivíduos com malformação de Chiari tipo II (CM II). Nosso objetivo é identificar distúrbios do sono e sua contribuição para a ocorrência de déficit de atenção. Método: Foram selecionados 24 pacientes com CM II e 24 sem CM II. Todos foram submetidos à avaliação neuropsicológica, aos critérios do DSM-IV e a polissonografia. Resultados: 14 pacientes com CM II apresentaram síndrome da apnéia do sono, distúrbio do comportamento da fase do sono REM e movimentos periódicos dos membros em sono; seis pacientes sem CM II apresentaram síndrome da apnéia do sono. Entre estes pacientes, 12 (seis com CM II e seis sem CM II) apresentaram déficit de atenção relacionado a distúrbios do sono. Conclusão: Distúrbios do sono podem prejudicar funções cognitivas, como a atenção, contribuindo para a piora da qualidade de aprendizado também em pacientes com CM II.PAlAVRAS-ChAVE: polissonografia, distúrbio do comportamento da fase do sono com movimentos oculares rápidos, apnéia, cognição, transtorno do déficit de atenção. The central nervous system (CNS) abnormality characterized by herniation of cerebellar tonsils below the plane of foramen magnum was initially described by Chiari in 1891. Subsequently, the same author expanded the spectrum of abnormalities of the craniocervical junction including disorders that are currently recognized as Chiari malformation (CM) type I, II, III and IV. These congenital disorders disclose complex physical and neuropsychological symptomatology and are associated with developmental anomalies of both the spine and brain 1 . The CM type II (CM II) is characterized by the descent of the inferior vermis and cerebellar hemispheres through the foramen magnum with a displacement of the brain stem (medulla, fourth ventricle, and lower portion of the pons) inside the spinal canal, resulting in aqueduct and fourth ventricle elongation 1,2 . Myelomeningocele is present in almost all c...
-Objective: To evaluate the frequency and degree of severity of abnormalities in the auditory pathways in patients with Chiari malformations type I and II. Method: This is a series-of-case descriptive study in which the possible presence of auditory pathways abnormalities in 75 patients (48 children and 27 adults) with Chiari malformation types I and II were analyzed by means of auditory evoked potentials evaluation. The analysis was based on the determination of intervals among potentials peak values, absolute latency and amplitude ratio among potentials V and I. Results: Among the 75 patients studied, 27 (36%) disclosed Arnold-Chiari malformations type I and 48 (64%) showed Arnold-Chiari malformations type II. F i f t y -t h re e (71%) of these patients showed some degree of auditory evoked potential abnormalities. Te s t s w e re normal in the remaining 22 (29%) patients. Conclusion: A u d i t o ry evoked potentials testing can be c o n s i d e red a valuable instrument for diagnosis and evaluation of brain stem functional abnormalities in patients with Arnold-Chiari malformations type I and II. The determination of the presence and degree of severity of these abnormalities can be contributory to the prevention of further handicaps in these patients either through physical therapy or by means of precocious corrective surgical intervention.KEY WORDS: Arnold-Chiari malformations type I and type II, auditory evoked potentials.A n o rmalidades nos potenciais evocados auditivos de 75 pacientes com os tipos I e II das malformações de Arnold-Chiari RESUMO -Objetivo: Avaliar a freqüência e grau de comprometimento das vias auditivas em tronco cerebral por meio de potencial evocado auditivo, em pacientes afetados por malformações de Arn o l d -C h i a r i de tipos I e II. Método: Foi efetuado um estudo descritivo de tipo série de casos, sendo selecionados 75 pacientes (48 crianças e 27 adultos) nos quais foi realizada avaliação dos potenciais evocados das vias auditivas, com base à determinação dos valores dos intervalos entre picos de potenciais, da latência absoluta e da razão entre as amplitudes dos potenciais V e I. Resultados: E n t re os 75 pacientes avaliados, 27 (36%) a p resentavam malformações de Arnold-Chiari de tipo I e 48 (64%) apresentavam malformações de tipo II. Em 53 (71%) do total de pacientes os potenciais evocados auditivos mostraram algum grau de anormalidade. Os testes foram normais nos restantes 22 (29%). Conclusão: O potencial evocado auditivo pode ser considerado valioso instrumento para o diagnóstico e avaliação da gravidade das anormalidades funcionais de tronco cerebral em pacientes port a d o res de malformações de Arnold-Chiari de tipo I e II. Esta avaliação pode contribuir de maneira significativa não somente no diagnóstico como também na prevenção de ulter i o res lesões, pela adoção de medidas preventivas, tanto por meio de fisioterapia como por interv e n ç ã o cirúrgica precoce. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: malformação de Arnold-Chiari de tipo I e de tipo II, potenciais evocados auditivos.
Objective To determine the prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in children with attention deficit/hyperactive disorder (ADHD) and compare amplitude and latency of the P300 potential among children with and without OSA. Method Sixty-one children with ADHD underwent oddball auditory attention tests for detection of P300 (ERPs) followed by an all-night polysomnography. The children were divided in two groups, those with and without OSA. Results Significant decreased amplitude of the P300 potential was observed in children with OSA when compared with children without OSA. Conclusion The study showed that sleep fragmentation as a result of OSA can exacerbate the attention disorder that characterizes ADHD, and highlights the importance of assessing the presence of OSA in the differential diagnosis of children with attention deficits.
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