The major objective of this article is to inquire into the kind of subjectivity produced by surveillance practices. The analysis begins by questioning a certain understanding, widespread in the literature of new surveillance technologies, of Foucault's conceptions of power and surveillance. In brief, this understanding privileges the surveillance of many by few, of 'us' by 'them'. We contend, instead, that Foucault stressed in diverse books and articles the nexus between power relations and practices of the care of the self. Hence, techniques of surveillance are necessarily related to practices of self-surveillance. This theoretical framework constitutes the basis for differentiating two historically distinct types of self-surveillance: the first, proper to disciplinary society, is promoted by normalizing power; the second is associated to the increasing relevance of the epidemiological concept of risk in the problematizing of health-related behaviors. Epidemiology of risk factors, medical testing and genetics are opening up a temporal gap between the diagnostic of illnesses/diseases and their subjective symptoms. This gap is equivalent to a space for individual 'pre-emptive' action against possible illnesses/diseases.
Por uma história do cuidadoNotícias sobre fatores de risco aparecem, freqüentemente, na mídia. Seu sentido usual é convidar os indivíduos a atentarem para aspectos de seu cotidiano antes tidos como banais. Alimentação, bebida, lazer, trabalho, comportamento amoroso -nada parece ser irrelevante para a saúde; se deslocarmos a perspectiva, essa necessidade de constante atenção indica que a saúde se torna um valor maior a orientar nossas ações cotidianas. É urgente, pois, refletir sobre que tipo de vida está sendo construído por esses alertas sobre perigos que estariam à espreita em nossos hábitos e que podem se concretizar num futuro remoto.A maior parte dos estudos sobre mídia e fatores de risco está focada na distância entre o consenso dos médicos e o consenso dos leigos. De um lado, argumenta-se que deveria haver, da parte dos meios de comunicação, acuidade na tradução do conhecimento médico. De outro, quando se quer que os indivíduos efetivamente se comportem de acordo com as informações veiculadas, discute-se também que deformações são admissíveis; por exemplo, não usar o termo "fator de risco", mas o de "causa" em campanhas publicitárias que visam suscitar mudanças de comportamento. Nesses estudos, portanto, estamos diante de uma ética da verdade. Os efeitos temidos são a informação incorreta e a manutenção de hábitos que contêm riscos, mesmo quando os indivíduos estão adequadamente informados sobre eles.A preocupação com a acuidade e efetividade das informações é relevante. Contudo, essa forma de crítica do nexo contemporâneo entre mídia e epidemiologia é conduzida do ponto de vista do saber médico; por acreditar na verdade, pode até ser caracterizada como a-histórica.
This letter assesses the impact of a variation in access to a targeted loan program from Brazil's development bank on investment and productivity. Results suggest that eligible firms increased their relative investment rate and productivity, but results are robust only for permanent rather than temporary improvements in access to credit.
The manufacturing sectors in Latin America have been more affected by the currency over/undervaluation than their counterpart in industrialized economies. From a panel data set covering 39 countries and 22 manufacturing sectors (2-digit) within 1995-2008, we formally test the hypothesis that there exists a Latin American effect and then investigate the possible reasons for this distinguished pattern. The use of a disaggregated data is an important feature of our empirical strategy: the undervaluation index (main covariate) is less likely to be determined by the growth rate of a specific manufacturing sector, partially addressing the specification problem that plagues standard crosscountry regressions. We then explore the within sector-country variation to study the relationship between currency over/undervaluation and manufacturing sectors growth. We find that the import content of exports might be an important driver of this result at a sectoral level. At a macro-level, the openness and the income per capita of a country are important factors.
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