COVID-19 rapidly turned to a global pandemic posing lethal threats to overwhelming health care capabilities, despite its relatively low mortality rate. The clinical respiratory symptoms include dry cough, fever, anosmia, breathing difficulties, and subsequent respiratory failure. No known cure is available for COVID-19. Apart from the anti-viral strategy, the supports of immune effectors and modulation of immunosuppressive mechanisms is the rationale immunomodulation approach in COVID-19 management. Diet and nutrition are essential for healthy immunity. However, a group of micronutrients plays a dominant role in immunomodulation. The deficiency of most nutrients increases the individual susceptibility to virus infection with a tendency for severe clinical presentation. Despite a shred of evidence, the supplementation of a single nutrient is not promising in the general population. Individuals at high-risk for specific nutrient deficiencies likely benefit from supplementation. The individual dietary and nutritional status assessments are critical for determining the comprehensive actions in COVID-19.

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COVID-19 is a pandemic viral infection caused by a novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV2, which is a global concern of the twentyfirst century for its rapid spreading in a short period. Apart from its known acute respiratory involvements, the CNS manifestations of COVID-19 are common. These neurological symptoms are diverse and could range from mild nonspecific or specific symptoms such as the loss of various sensory perceptions, the worrying autoimmune Guillain-Barré syndrome, to the lifethreatening acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, and the CNS-mediated respiratory distress. An autopsy report documented the presence of SARS-CoV2 in brain tissues of a COVID-19 patient. However, there is no definite conclusion on the mechanisms of SARS-CoV2 neuroinvasion. These proposed mechanisms include the direct viral invasion, the systemic blood circulation, or the distribution of infected immune cells. Concerning these different neuropathophysiologies, COVID-19 patients who are presenting with either the early-onset, multiple, and severe CNS symptoms or rapid respiratory deterioration should be suspected for the direct viral neuroinvasion, and appropriate management options should be considered. This article reviews the neurological manifestations, the proposed neuroinvasive mechanisms, and the potential neurological sequelae of SARS-CoV2.

: Intestinal hyperpermeability is a complex metabolic process mediated by different pathways in close relation to the gut microbiota. Previous studies suggested that the gut microbiota is involved in different metabolic regulations, and its imbalance is associated with several metabolic diseases, including obesity. It is well known that intestinal hyperpermeability is associated with dysbiosis, and the combination of these two conditions can lead to an increase in the level of low-grade inflammation in obese patients due to an increase in pro-inflammatory cytokine levels. Inflammatory bowel syndrome often accompanies this condition causing an alteration of the intestinal mucosa and thus reinforcing the dysbiosis and gut hyperpermeability. The onset of metabolic disorders depends on violations of the integrity of the intestinal barrier as a result of increased intestinal permeability. Chronic inflammation due to endotoxemia is responsible for the development of obesity. Metabolic disorders are associated with dysregulation of the microbiota-gut-brain axis and with an altered composition of gut flora. In this review, we will discuss the mechanisms that illustrate the relationship between hyperpermeability, the composition of the gut microbiota, and obesity.