Carvone is a monoterpene ketone contained in the essential oils of several aromatic and medicinal plants of the Lamiaceae and Asteraceae families. From aromatic plants, this monoterpene is secreted at different concentrations depending on the species, the parts used, and the extraction methods. Currently, pharmacological investigations showed that carvone exhibits multiple pharmacological properties such as antibacterial, antifungal, antiparasitic, antineuraminidase, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer activities. These studies were carried out in vitro and in vivo and involved a great deal of knowledge on the mechanisms of action. Indeed, the antimicrobial effects are related to the action of carvone on the cell membrane and to ultrastructural changes, while the anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, and anticancer effects involve the action on cellular and molecular targets such as inducing of apoptosis, autophagy, and senescence. With its multiple mechanisms, carvone can be considered as natural compounds to develop therapeutic drugs. However, other investigations regarding its precise mechanisms of action as well as its acute and chronic toxicities are needed to validate its applications. Therefore, this review discusses the principal studies investigating the pharmacological properties of carvone, and the mechanism of action underlying some of these properties. Moreover, further investigations of major pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic studies were also suggested.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the virus that causes COVID-19 which is responsible for respiratory illness infection in humans. The virus was first identified in China in 2019 and later spread to other countries worldwide. This study aims to identify the bioactive compounds from mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) as an antiviral agent via dual inhibitor mechanisms against two SARS-CoV-2 proteases through the in silico approach. The three-dimensional structure of various bioactive compounds of mangosteen from the database was examined. Furthermore, all the target compounds were analyzed for drug, antiviral activity prediction, virtual screening, molecular interactions, and threedimensional structure visualization. It aimed to determine the potential of the bioactive compounds from mangosteen that can serve as antiviral agents to fight SARS-CoV-2. Results showed that the bioactive compounds from mangosteen have the prospective to provide antiviral agents that contradict the virus via dual inhibitory mechanisms. In summary, the binding of the various bioactive compounds from mangosteen results in low binding energy and is expected to have the ability to induce any activity of the target protein binding reaction. Therefore, it allows various bioactive compounds from mangosteen to act as dual inhibitory mechanisms for COVID-19 infection.

Cancer is a complex pathology that causes a large number of deaths worldwide. Several risk factors are involved in tumor transformation, including epigenetic factors. These factors are a set of changes that do not affect the DNA sequence, while modifying the gene’s expression. Histone modification is an essential mark in maintaining cellular memory and, therefore, loss of this mark can lead to tumor transformation. As these epigenetic changes are reversible, the use of molecules that can restore the functions of the enzymes responsible for the changes is therapeutically necessary. Natural molecules, mainly those isolated from medicinal plants, have demonstrated significant inhibitory properties against enzymes related to histone modifications, particularly histone deacetylases (HDACs). Flavonoids, terpenoids, phenolic acids, and alkaloids exert significant inhibitory effects against HDAC and exhibit promising epi-drug properties. This suggests that epi-drugs against HDAC could prevent and treat various human cancers. Accordingly, the present study aimed to evaluate the pharmacodynamic action of different natural compounds extracted from medicinal plants against the enzymatic activity of HDAC.

Animal vaccination is the principal method of preventing nodular dermatitis in cattle. Objective: to analyze the impact of using a specific transfer factor in vaccination of Hereford cattle against nodular dermatitis on the development of immunity and indices of animal homeostasis. Application of the transfer factor and the vitamin preparation Asidivit in the vaccination of animals against nodular dermatitis has reduced the reactogenicity of the vaccine in the form of a lower temperature reaction to the medicinal preparation of biological origin. The combined application of the immunoamplifier and Asidivit decreased the negative impact of vaccination on the liver of animals. The greatest quantitative decrease in bilirubin in the blood serum by 14% was observed. It made it possible to achieve a significant increase in antibodies in the blood serum by 72.4% compared to the initial analysis and an increase in the number of antibody-positive animals up to 80%.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a small and non-enveloped deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) virus that infected mucosal cells. This viral genome is composed of early and late genes. Late (L) encodes the L1 and L2 proteins. The structural protein L1 is located outside the virion. It contributes to the viral attachment mechanism; hence it becomes the target for multi-strain vaccine design. This review aims to discuss the potency of conserved L1 HPV region and the innovation of multi-strain vaccines for prevention strategies of HPV infection. Bioinformatics methods in vaccine design applied for identification of conserved sequences from databases, epitopes map, antigenicity test, prediction of similarity, and autoimmune level. The multi-strain vaccine innovation initiated in this review has more benefits compared to previous vaccines based on the level of vaccine coverage via conserved regions, potential of immune cell epitopes, antigenic properties, and possibility of autoimmune when produced. Therefore, the multi-strain HPV vaccines are predicted to be more effective than previous vaccines, including bivalent or quadrivalent. In conclusion, the strategy for expanding the prevention of HPV infection could be carried out by developing a new multi-strain-based vaccine by using conserved regions in L1 capsid from all virus strains to increase the protection.