Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) controllers play an important role in improving the efficiency of Solar Photovoltaic (SPV) modules. These controllers achieve maximum power transfer from PV modules through impedance matching between the PV modules and the load connected. Several MPPT techniques have been proposed for searching the optimal matching between the PV module and load resistance. These techniques vary in complexity, tracking speed, cost, accuracy, sensor and hardware requirements. This paper presents the design and modelling of the Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) based MPPT controller. The design consists of a PV module, ANFIS reference model, DC-DC boost converter and the Fuzzy Logic (FL) power controller for generating the control signal for the converter. The performance of the proposed ANFIS based MPPT controller is evaluated through simulations in the MATLAB/Simulink environment. The simulations results demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed technique since the controller can extract the maximum available power for both steady-state and varying weather conditions. Moreover, a comparative study between the proposed ANFIS based MPPT controller and the commonly used, Perturbation and Observation (P&O) MPPT technique, is presented. The simulation results reveal that the proposed ANFIS based MPPT controller is more efficient than the P& O method since it shows a better dynamic response with few oscillations about the Maximum Power Point (MPP). In addition, the proposed FL power controller for generating the duty cycle of the DC-DC boost converter also gave satisfying results for MPPT.

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The grossly untapped hydro potential in the global south is attributed to the inadequate technical personnel; as one of the main factors limiting the design and manufacturing of efficient small hydropower (SHP) turbine plants. The technical personnel and production facilities available in the global south, especially in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), cannot support the development of these components sufficiently. The study presents the CFT design process in a clearer and simplified manner. To bridge the technical knowledge gap, the study presents an improved SHP system design procedure through a partly isolated-based design sequence. The entire design process of the SHP turbine, with a focus on crossflow turbine (CFT), was divided into sections, subsections, and parts. The study presents connections between geometry, operation, and functionality of design parameters for CFT components, such as runner, shaft, pulley, and belt graphically and in tabular forms.