Вищий державний навчальний заклад України «Буковинський державний медичний університет», м. Чернівці, Україна Буковинський медичний вісник. Т.23, № 2 (90). С. 88-93. Ключові слова: гострий травмуючий предмет, тривимірне просторове моделювання, судова медицина. E-mail: Pavlokichkan@ ukr.net Резюме. Тілесні ушкодження, заподіяні гострими предметами, посідають друге місце в структурі смертності населення України, більшість серед яких складають травми, спричинені колюче-ріжучими знаряддями. І в кожному конкретному випадку перед судово-медичним експертом постає питання стосовно встановлення індивідуальних ідентифікуючих параметрів гострого травмуючого предмета. Мета дослідження -вивчення можливості використання фотограмметрії та сучасних комп'ютерних технологій для розробки методу тривимірного просторового моделювання гострого травмуючого предмета при колото-різаних ушкодженнях м'яких тканин і паренхіматозних органів. Матеріал і методи. За допомогою фотограмметрії та комп'ютерних програм для тривимірного просторового моделювання досліджено експериментальні моделі ушкоджень, спричинених колюче-ріжучим предметом та відтворено форму клинка експериментального ножа. Результати. У статті висвітлено можливості використання фотограмметрії та сучасних комп'ютерних технологій для розробки методу тривимірного просторового моделювання гострого травмуючого предмета на моделі ранового каналу, спричиненого колюче-ріжучим знаряддям. Представлено алгоритм створення тривимірної комп'ютерної моделі гострого травмуючого предмета, показано переваги та перспективи подальшого використання 3D технологій у судово-медичній практиці. Висновок. Отримано модель знаряддя травми, яку можна досліджувати у трьох площинах під різними кутами, зберігати в електронному вигляді й друкувати на 3D принтері. ТРЕХМЕРНОЕ ПРОСТРАНСТВЕННОЕ МОДЕЛИРОВАНИЕ ОСТРОГО ТРАВМИРУЮЩЕГО ПРЕДМЕТА В СУДЕБНОЙ МЕДИЦИНЕ П.Я. Кишкан, И.Г. Савка Резюме. Телесные повреждения, причиненные острыми предметами, занимают второе место в структуре смертности населения Украины, большинство среди которых составляют травмы от воздествия колюще-режущими орудиями. И в каждом конкретном случае перед судебно-медицинским экспертом встает вопрос относительно определения индивидуальных идентифицирующих параметров острого травмирующего предмета. Цель исследования -изучение возможности использования фотограмметрии и современных компьютерных технологий для разработки метода трехмерного пространственного моделирования острого травмирующего предмета при колото-резанных повреждениях мягких тканей и паренхиматозных органов. Материал и методы. С помощью фотограмметрии и компьютерных программ для трехмерного пространственного моделирования Ключевые слова: острый травмирующий предмет, трехмерное пространственное моделирование, судебная медицина. Буковинский медицинский вестник. Т.23, № 2 (90). С. 88-93.

The research deals with the possibility to use up-to-date methods of 3D-modeling for diagnostics of piercing-cutting objects causing injuries with bilateral blade grinding. A virtual element of the wound channel is shown to be printed on 3D-printer and given to investigating bodies in order to increase the effective and objective search of a traumatic instrument.  Aim of the work. To apply the method of photogrammetry with further 3D-modeling of the wound channel formed by a piercing-cutting object with bilateral blade grinding for further examination of its morphological peculiarities and receiving its linear size with high accuracy in the space of graphics editor «3DsMax». Materials and methods. Fifteen experimental wound channels were made by means of alginate impression mass with rubber-like effect «Hydrogum 5» (firm «Zhermack», Italy), which becomes hard rapidly, remains elastic after polymerization, allows impresses to be obtained with an extremely smooth surface, most accurately preserves and reproduces characteristics of an immersed blade of the knife examined. To make experimental injury a piercing-cutting object was used – a knife with bilateral grinding of the blade 6,16 cm long, 2,6 cm wide in the base of the blade, and the blade in its middle part 0,3 cm thick. These sizes of the piercing-cutting instrument were obtained by means of sliding calipers with the error ±0,03-0,15 cm. The wound channel obtained was divided into fragments with a pitch about 3,5 cm. Every fragment of the wound channel was contrasted with a dye using 1 % brilliant green alcohol solution. All the fragments of the wound channel were opened parallel to its length and were placed on a rotary table located in a light cube to provide adequate illumination and photos were taken.  The digital camera SONY RX 10 II was used for shooting. The object of shooting was labeled with a number, a fragment of a plotting scale 1,0 cm long was placed on it to calibrate the scale and control the sizes of the object examined in computer programs. The photos obtained in JPEG format were loaded into the computer program «Agisoft Photoscan», and 3D-textured models of a wound channel fragment were created in it. The model obtained and the texture was exported in «OBJ» format. The next stage of the work was to transfer 3D-models obtained into the graphic space of «3DsMax» program, where the scale of the model was calibrated. After that the wound channel was reconstructed in the graphics editor by means of 3D models of the wound channel fragments. Results. To compare differences between classical and new methods of examination at first linear dimensions of injuries were measured by means of a ruler. The depth of the wound channel was obtained consisting of two fragments according to the method of measuring the wound channel depth in the dead body by means of joining of its separate parts due to immersion and passing the blade in the victim’s body (in the skin, subcutaneous tissue with muscles, in the wall of the cavity and inside of it, in the internal organ and other anatomical structures). The width and length of the wound channel on various levels of immersion were registered in the similar way, which is an important diagnostic component during forensic expertise in case of piercing-cutting injuries. The next stage in our research was to examine and get linear dimensions of injuries by means of up-to-date technologies using 3D-models with the help of the graphics editor «3DsMax». In this case the computer program enabled to get the above results with a higher accuracy to 0.001 cm. Conclusions. The results obtained are indicative of high information value of the three dimensional methods to identify a traumatic piercing-cutting object by means of a spatial reconstruction of the wound channel fragments, which provides high accuracy in solving applied tasks in modern forensic practice and criminal law science. The method with the use of the graphics editor «3ds max» allows retrospective diagnostics of the wound channel fragments to be obtained followed by further comparison with an expected traumatic object.

Objectіve of the research: To apply the technіque developed by us for the methods of photogrammetry wіth subsequent creatіon of 3D models and theіr research іn space of the graphіc edіtor "3DsMax" concernіng elements of the wound channel formed by knіfe wіth a thіckened tenon edge. The research was carrіed out of the serіes of 15 experіmental and practіcal cases of stab іnjurіes. To make experіmental wound channels caused by pіercіng-cuttіng objects wіth one-sіded sharpenіng of the blade and thіckened tenon edge, algіnate іmpressіon mass wіth rubber-lіke effect «Hydrogum 5» (fіrm «Zhermack», Іtaly) was used. Durіng examіnatіon and measurіng іnjurіes of 3D models by means of a graphіcs edіtor «3ds max» lіnear dіmensіons of certaіn morphologіcal parts of the wound channel were obtaіned to wіthіn 0.001 cm, whіch іs іndіcatіve of the possіbіlіty to іdentіfy fіne-resolutіon of both separate elements and a sharp traumatіc object on the whole. Consіderіng relіable results obtaіned іn the experіment, the method was applіed durіng forensіc expertіse of a stab wound of the cardіac muscle, whіch enabled to іdentіfy the object causіng the іnjury among other pіercіngcuttіng objects presented for expertіse. The results obtaіned are іndіcatіve of hіgh іnformatіon value of the three-dіmensіonal іdentіfіcatіon methods used to fіnd a knіfe wіth a thіckened tenon edge by means of spatіal reconstructіon of the wound channel fragments, whіch provіdes an hіgh level of accuracy іn solutіon of applіed tasks іn modern forensіc practіce and scіence of crіmіnal law.

The aim – to carry out 3D modelling of the wound canal formed by a stab-cuttingtool with one-sided sharpening of the blade, using photogrammetry method for furtherinvestigation of its morphological peculiarities and obtaining linear dimensions withhigh accuracy in the space of the graphic editor "3ds Max".Material and methods. Fifteen experimental wound canals were reconstructedby means of an alginate imprinting mass with a rubber-like effect "Hydrogum 5"(Zhermack, Italy), which hardens quickly, remains elastic after polymerization, allowsto obtain imprints with an extremely smooth surface andmost accurately preserves andreproduces the properties of the immersed in it blade of the knife under study. Astabcutting tool - a knife with one-sided sharpening of the blade, blade length - 9.6 cm,width in the place of the greatest blade thickening - 2.6 cm, butt thickness - 0.24 cmwas used to mark experimental damage. Given dimensions of the stab- cutting toolwere obtained by means of sliding caliper with an error of ± 0.03-0.15 cm. The formedwound canal was divided into fragments with a step of about 3.5 cm. Each fragmentof the wound canal was contrasted with dye (1% alcohol solution of diamond green).These fragments of the wound canal were opened parallel to its length and placed on arotating table, which was located in a light cube to provide sufficient illumination andphotography was performed. A SONY RX 10 II digital camera was used for taking aphotograph. The index number and a fragment of a scale ruler 1.0 cm long were placedon the object for further calibration of the scale and control of the dimensions of theobject under study in computer programs. The photos obtained in JPEG format wereloaded to the computer program "Agisoft Photoscan", where 3D textured models of thewound canal fragment were created. The obtained model and texture were exportedin OBJ format. Then the obtained 3D models were moved to the graphic space of theprogram "3ds max" to calibrate the scale of the model and in the graphic editor thereconstruction of the wound canal was carried by means of 3D models of its fragments.Results. Measurements of the linear dimentions of damages were carried out at firstby a classical method (by means of a ruler). In addition to, that the depth of the woundcanal, which consists of three fragments, was obtained according to the method ofmeasuring the depth of the wound canal in the body of the corpse by putting togetherits seperate parts in accordance with immersion and permeability of the blade in thevictim's body (skin, subcutaneous muscle tissue, cavity wall and in it itself, the internalorgan and other anatomical formations). Similarly, the width of the wound canal andthe distance between the corners from the side of the butt, which illustrate the thicknessof the blade of the cutting edge and the length of its separate fragments, which in itsturn reproduce the parameters of the blade of an acute traumatic object, were fixed at different levels of immersion.The next stage of our work was to study and obtain the linear dimensions of 3Dmodels’damage by means of a graphic editor "3ds max". In this case, the mentionedcomputer program allowed to obtain the dimensions, described by us,already by anorder with higher accuracy (up to 0.001 cm).The results, obtained by us in the experiment, allow to assert about the high accuracyof measurements, carried out using a computer program for 3D modeling "3ds Max".When combining the obtained linear dimensions of the damage with increased accuracyand the possibility to conduct retrospective diagnosis of the most specific part of thewound canal, formed by the blade belly, the level of accuracy and visualization of thecarried out forensic medical examination is significantly increased.Conclusions. The results, obtained by photogrammetry and 3D modeling of the woundcanal, make it possible to assert the increased accuracy of investigations of individualmorphological characteristics of the lesions and allow to conduct retrospectiveidentification of fragments of the wound canal with the instrument of injury. In additionto that, forensic medical experts receive a modern objective tool for the selection andidentification of the used stab- cutting tool among those provided for examination byjudicial investigation organs. The introduction of the modern methods of 3D modelinginto forensic medical and medical-criminal practice allows to improve the accuracyand visualization of the carrying out examinations and brings them to a new higherlevel.