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In the last few decades, the utilization of fuel cells (FCs) in the automotive industry has created much attention due to easy use, modular structure, and higher efficacy. In the future, technological evolutions reveal that FC driven electric vehicles (EVs) will grow at a rapid pace and will become an excellent alternative to conventional vehicles. This paper discusses a detailed topological classification of the FC‐based hybrid electric vehicle (FCHEV). In these FCHEVs, one of the critical elements is the DC–DC power converter unit. The hybridization of FCs with the other power sources requires more converter units that make the system complex. A multi‐input DC–DC power converter is used to connect more than one energy source to reduce the system's complexity and improve the overall system efficacy. In this survey, numerous articles have been considered and examined vividly. An assessment of present and future scenarios of FCs based power source topologies and multi‐input DC–DC power converter topologies used in HEV is presented. This survey provides a deep insight into the topic for the researchers and engineers working in this field.

This paper puts forward a reduced oscillation based perturb and observe (ROP&O) maximum power point (MPP) tracking (MPPT) technique to mitigate the probability of loss of tracking direction and to reduce oscillations around MPP when the solar photovoltaic (PV) array is subjected under periodically changing irradiance. The proposed technique retains the structure of conventional perturb and observe (P&O) technique additionally incorporating a unique structure of dynamic step sizing, along with proportional-integral (PI) controller which potently alters the duty cycle (𝐷) of the DC-DC boost power converter (BPC). The ROP&O MPPT technique is compared with conventional P&O and incremental conductance (IC) schemes in terms of tracking efficacy (𝜂), ripples in PV voltage and PV current, convergence time, and the error rates. The efficacy of the proposed scheme lies between 99.06% to 99.80%. Moreover, the time to obtain MPP is 0.018 sec. which is about five times faster than the P&O technique and fifteen times faster than the IC technique. Also, the proposed MPPT technique is benchmarked using three-phase grid integration, and the power quality of the grid current is observed in terms of total harmonic distortion (THD).

This paper deals with power generation through solar photovoltaic (SPV) system and its implementation as grid‐tied and stand‐alone systems. The major setbacks of SPV system of low conversion efficacy, that can be enhanced through the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm. A modified incremental conductance (MIC), termed as error based incremental conductance MPPT, has been proposed, and its behaviour is comprehensively compared with classical perturb and observe (P&O) and incremental conductance (IC) techniques. Dealing with the on‐grid application of SPV system, maximum power obtained through MIC is fed to a three‐phase grid operating at unity power factor (UPF), and the quality of grid current is monitored. Further, the power obtained through MIC finds its application in designing an SPV‐diesel generator (DG) based hybrid renewable energy system (HRES) for areas either not connected to the grid or have insufficient fossils. The stochastic nature of source or uncertain load demand leads to deviation in system frequency. This paper proposes an intelligent, comprehensive supervisory optimal‐fuzzy‐proportional‐integral‐derivative (O‐F‐PID) controller for load frequency control (LFC). The performance of proposed O‐F‐PID controller has been vividly compared with the designed optimal‐PID (O‐PID) and conventional PID (C‐PID) controllers under varying source and load demand conditions.