Delignification of biomass is a primary step in biomass pretreatment in fermentation based synthesis of alcoholic biofuels. This paper attempts to give mechanistic insight into ultrasound-assisted delignification of biomass. Parthenium hysterophorus (carrot grass) has been used as the model biomass. The approach of study is to couple simulations of cavitation bubble dynamics to the experiments on delignification. Best values of delignification parameters with ultrasound have been identified as temperature = 303 K, NaOH concentration = 1.5% w/v, and biomass concentration = 2% w/v. Characterization of delignified biomass has been carried out using FTIR spectroscopy and XRD and FESEM techniques. Both physical and chemical effects of transient cavitation contribute to delignification. The physical effect of shock waves leads to depolymerization of lignin matrix through homolytic cleavage of phenyl ether α−O−4 and β−O−4 bonds. The chemical effect of radical generation causes hydroxylation/oxidation of the aromatic moieties and side chain elimination. Due to these peculiar mechanisms, ultrasound treatment gives effective delignification at ambient temperature and with lesser requirement of delignifying agents. Cavitation also causes decrystallization of cellulose due to partial depolymerization. Kinetic analysis of delignification at best values of parameters has revealed 2-fold enhancement with ultrasound as compared to mechanically agitated treatment.

are available for estimation of Tenofovir. [2-5] Hence, the proposal to estimate Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate by the UV spectroscopic method. MATERIALS AND METHODS Instrument used UV-visible spectrophotometer (Elico 210) 10 mm quartz cell and spectral bandwidth 1 nm. Reagent used Triple distilled water.

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the prognostic significance of DNA ploidy, S-phase fraction and p21 ras oncoprotein expression in patients with colorectal cancer and to correlate these factors with the clinical behavior of the tumors and their response to therapy. Of 79 patients with colorectal cancer 57% (45/79) had early stage disease. Forty-one percent (32/79) had aneuploid tumors while 30% (24/79) of the tumors had a high (>10%) S-phase fraction. p21ras oncoprotein expression was detected in 38% (30/79) of tumors. Patients with aneuploid tumors had a worse prognosis than patients with diploid tumors (p=0.0002). Similarly, patients with high S-phase fraction tumors had a shorter survival than those with low S-phase fraction tumors (p=0.005). No such difference was found between p21 raspositive and p21 ras-negative tumor subgroups. In early stage colorectal cancer, aneuploidy was closely correlated with disease outcome (p=0.029). Early stage patients with diploid tumors who received radiotherapy and chemotherapy had a better prognosis than patients with aneuploid tumors. In conclusion, DNA ploidy is a significant and independent prognostic factor in colorectal cancer. Aneuploidy and genetic alteration of the p21 ras oncoprotein are important in determining the biological aggressiveness of colorectal cancer. Furthermore, DNA ploidy may identify those subgroups of patients with early stage disease who may benefit from more aggressive treatment.

WEE1 is a checkpoint kinase critical for mitotic events, especially in cell maturation and DNA repair. Most cancer cells' progression and survival are linked with elevated levels of WEE1 kinase. Thus, WEE1 kinase has become a new promising druggable target. A few classes of WEE1 inhibitors are designed by rationale or structure-based techniques and optimization approaches to identify selective acting anticancer agents. The discovery of the WEE1 inhibitor AZD1775 further emphasized WEE1 as a promising anticancer target. Therefore, the current review provides a comprehensive data on medicinal chemistry, synthetic approaches, optimization methods, and the interaction profile of WEE1 kinase inhibitors. In addition, WEE1 PROTAC degraders and their synthetic procedures, including a list of noncoding RNAs necessary for regulation of WEE1, are also highlighted. From the standpoint of medicinal chemistry, the contents of this compilation serve as an exemplar for the further design, synthesis, and optimization of promising WEE1-targeted anticancer agents.

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