Purpose-The severity of different IGD symptoms criteria has not been explored much. The study describes the phenomenology of IGD in Adolescents with comorbid psychiatric disorders attending child and adolescent psychiatry OPD.Methods-Adolescents aged 13-16 years, who have attended child and adolescent Psychiatry OPD, of a tertiary care teaching hospital for psychiatric disorders, with a history of gaming and ful lled criteria as per DSM-5 for IGD have been included. All the subjects have then assessed using semi-structured proforma, IGDS and K-SADS-PL.Results-In the study Sample of 46 Adolescents most common IGDS criteria was "Con ict" and least common criterion was "Tolerance". IGDS mean Score of "Con ict" was the highest while it was the least for "Displacement". "Escape "and "Deception" were signi cantly higher for females. "Displacement" signi cantly higher for Urban domicile and Online mode of gaming. "Persistence" was signi cantly higher for those who were gaming on personal devices and playing MMORPGs. Psychiatric disorders associated with IGD were ODD (46.66%), Dissociative disorder (24.44%), ADHD (17.77%) and Depressive disorder (11.11%). Phenomenology of IGD was comparable across all psychiatric comorbidities except subjects with dissociative disorders, who had signi cantly higher scores for "Escape" than ADHD and Depression. Also, subjects with ODD had signi cantly higher scores for "Displacement" than the subjects with Dissociative disorder in terms of IGDS scores. Conclusion: Signi cant differences in the severity of DSM-5-IGD symptoms criteria is found in terms of gender, domicile, gaming genre (MMORPGs), accessibility of smartphones, online/o ine modes of gaming and the associated psychiatric comorbidity.

Context: There is a dearth of studies on the risk of gaming addiction (GA) in children and adolescents with disruptive behavior disorders (DBDs) and its comorbidity with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Methods Seventy participants aged 6–16 years diagnosed with ADHD and DBD were included in this cross-sectional, observational study and compared with 40 healthy controls. They were assessed for clinical details of gadget type, duration of use, and purpose on a semi-structured questionnaire. The intensity of video gaming was assessed using Game Addiction Scale (GAS). Behavioral symptoms were assessed on Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL). Descriptive statistics with t-test, analysis of variance, and Pearson's correlational analysis were used as applicable. Results Use of gadgets for video games for ≥ 4 hours was found to be significantly higher (P = 0.001) in cases (61.5%) than in controls (10%). Most of the cases used Internet for communication (69.4%) and entertainment (58.3%). A significantly higher number of cases (37.1%) fulfilled criteria for video game addiction and the numbers were significantly higher in ADHD + DBD groups as compared to only ADHD or only DBD group. Children with GA had significantly higher scores in all domains of CBCL as compared to those without GA. The GAS score had a significant positive correlation with aggressive behavior, social problems, rule breaking, and attention problem domains of CBCL. Conclusions GA was significantly higher in ADHD and/or DBD than normal children and adolescents. Comorbidity of ADHD and DBD further increases the risk of GA. Therefore, children with these disorders should be screened routinely for GA.

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a heterogeneous progressive neurodegenerative disorder, with a triad of motor symptoms with akinesia/bradykinesia, resting tremor (4–6 Hz), and rigidity. It is the second most common neurodegenerative disease after Alzheimer’s disease. The overall management of PD depends on the status of symptoms, functioning of the patients, impairment, disability, and its impact on quality of life. Depression, anxiety disorders, apathy, anhedonia, psychosis, cognitive impairments, dementia, and impulse control disorders (ICDs) are the common psychiatric symptoms/disorders comorbid with PD. Depression remains the most common psychiatric disorder reported to be comorbid with PD. Several pharmacological and nonpharmacological management strategies are used for the treatment of comorbid psychiatric disorders in PD. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors are used to treat depression in patients with PD. The best evidence of efficacy in PD psychosis is for clozapine and pimavanserin. The treatment for cognitive impairments in PD remains poorly researched. Rivastigmine is the only approved treatment for PD as per the Food and Drug Administration. Pramipexole, a dopamine agonist (DA), is reported to cause improvement in the symptoms of decreased willingness in apathy. The treatment approaches for different sleep disorders in PD are different. Identifying the cause, reviewing the patient’s ongoing medications, and evaluating the impact of comorbid medical conditions and sleep hygiene are common to all conditions related to sleep disorders. The first approach for treating ICD symptoms is the reduction or discontinuation of DAs. The psychiatric symptoms in patients with PD are highly prevalent, and their management should be included in the basic treatment algorithm for PD. This paper summarizes common psychiatric symptoms/disorders in PD and their management approaches.